Weber and Simmel’s Take on Power and Conflict

Amber Clayton Weber and Simmel’s Take on Power and Conflict Jon Witt, explaining Max Weber’s theory on resources of power, was not surprised at the fact that students do not use the party resource to fight for better tuition costs, because of the individualistic society of the United States. This fits into conflict theory because the school would be considered a rational-legal authority. The students â€Å"give in† to the rules and perceived rights of the school to raise tuition costs. As Jon Witt said â€Å"there are reasons†¦ for why people should do what they are told to do. If the school did not charge the students money then they would not be able to pay the teachers and professors to educate them. This idea fits into the broader theory because Witt’s claim about the US being individualistic is not expanded in this chapter, but it is in previous ones. In chapter 4, Witt mentioned â€Å"†¦we combine extreme interdependence (due to specializ ation) with a strong sense of individualism (tied to a weak collective conscience). We depend on each other more than ever, but we realize it less. In an article by Margaret Foster, she asks 70 college presidents â€Å"can you school continue to attract students at its current rate of tuition growth? † and 80% said yes. This tells me that students are simply following the rational-legal authority of the bureaucratic schools, choosing to accept the higher charges and taking out higher loans. The students most likely do this because they are too weak as individuals to do anything about it or they assume the school leaders are making these decisions because they have no other choice (bad economy, budget cuts, ect).George Ritzer claims that the unpredictability of human error has led to a desire for greater control and the replacement of human with nonhuman technology. The idea of companies (bureaucracies) replacing humans with technology to ensure efficiency fits into Weber†™s theory of formal rationality. As Ritzer explains â€Å"[Fast-food chains have] employed all the rational principles pioneered by the bureaucracy and is part of the bureaucratic system because huge conglomerates now own many of the fast-food chains.McDonald’s utilized bureaucratic principles and combined them with others, and the outcome is the process of McDonaldization. † Ritzer backs his claim up with multiple examples and evidence. One of which being the replacement of human communication over the telephone. Companies force people to go through a string of â€Å"press 1 for yes or 2 for no†s before they even talk to a real person. In some cases, the person doesn’t speak to a real person at all. Although annoying, people just excuse it away as a consequence of living in our technological world. This idea is expanded in an article by Karen Korzep.She outlines the advantages and problems with TeleHealth (medical technology) and the resistance among p eople to a total technological take-over. She explains in her conclusion that â€Å"just because the technology exists, does not mean that everyone will be accepting to it†¦ [however] [i]n my opinion, it will be at least one more decade before we see this technology take over and really have an effect on jobs. † Therefore, even though people may have resistance to the technology and worry that it will affect jobs negatively, the technology will still, most likely, take over in time.William J. Staudenmeier, Jr. claims in his chapter about Georg Simmel’s theories on social drinking that when a member of the group buys a round of drinks, the others would not simply pay them money, because â€Å"treating†¦ has to do with personal relationships, and it is not strictly an economic exchange. † This idea fits into conflict theory because the taverns are becoming more and more bureaucratic with rules and regulations that the consumers must follow or face the co nsequences (kicked out or banned for fighting or over drinking).Instead of backing his claim up with evidence, Staudenmeier expands on the idea by saying â€Å"the ‘surplus of satisfaction’†¦ comes from the value of giving and receiving in a group in which such actions and the thought of such actions make us feel good and make us feel a part of the group. This is outside the narrow cash nexus of economic exchange because what is calculated here is not mere profit and loss. † The issue of teenage pregnancy and how it fits into this theory is best addressed in an article by Linda Arms Gilbert.She outlined a study done by the Franklin Heights Federal Housing Project in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The Murfreesboro Housing Authority partnered with the police department to help rid the projects from drug-related behaviors by developing positive relationships with the Franklin Heights families. The police department made over 500 contacts, creating a positive working relationship between the families and law enforcement as well as informed residents willing to provide tips against drug-related behaviors.The Parks and Recreation Department started an after-school program for 8-13-year old students, which included educational leisurely activities and an after-school tutoring program. A Parents as Teachers Program was started that allowed teen mothers to connect with their children. The program â€Å"held group meetings to help young parents understand the emotional, physical cognitive needs of their young children and to form a community of teen mothers who could offer support to each other. In the end â€Å"Franklin Heights has taught an entire city about the importance of collaboration and has shown what can be accomplished when individuals and agencies choose to look beyond the borders of their own job descriptions and departments to see the needs of families within that community. † The point is that, even in a bureaucratic society whe re, typically, rational-legal authority does not think about the well-being of their â€Å"workers† (in this case, the people who require government assistance), there can be an authority who thinks beyond what is efficient and profitable and helps the issue of teenage pregnancy, drug use, and violence. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. John Witt, The Big Picture: A Sociology Primer (New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2007) p 89 [ 2 ]. Witt, p 86 [ 3 ]. Witt, 59 [ 4 ]. FOSTER, MARGARET. â€Å"Sticker Shock. † American Scholar 82. 1 (2013): 120. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. [ 5 ]. George Ritzer, â€Å"The Weberian Theory of Rationalization and the McDonaldization of Contemporary Society†, Peter Kivisto, ed. , Illuminating Social Life: Classical and Contemporary Theory Revisited, 4th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2008), p 52 [ 6 ].Ritzer, p 45 [ 7 ]. Ritzer, p 54 [ 8 ]. Korzep, Karen. â€Å"The Future Of Technology And The Effect It May Have On Replacing Human Jobs. † Technology & Health Care 18. 4/5 (2010): 353-358. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. [ 9 ]. Korzep, p 357 [ 10 ]. William Staudenmeier, Jr. , â€Å"Alcohol-Related Windows on Simmel's Social World,† Kivisto, 109 [ 11 ]. Staudenmeier, Jr. , p 110 [ 12 ]. Gilbert, Linda Arms. â€Å"The Teen Pregnancy Dilemma: A Different Solution. † Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 73. 3 (2007): 5-8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. p 3 [ 13 ]. Gilbert, p 3

Easy Scholarships for International Students

Easy Scholarships for International StudentsOn this post we will do our best to find some great opportunities for Easy Scholarships for International Students that they can utilize. We will continue to add to this page, so be sure to check it out again. The United States is one of the prime destinations for students who are looking to benefit from a top notch and widely recognized international education. Being a student in USA, you are limited to very few scholarship options. To help you, we have collected information from several resources to come up with a list of Easy Scholarships 2017 for students in the USA as well as few scholarship opportunities granted by US government and institutions.Easy Scholarships for International Students – By the GovernmentForeign Fulbright Student Program The Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to study and conduct research in the United States. The Fulbright Foreign Student Program operates in more than 155 countries worldwide. Approximately 4,000 foreign students receive Fulbright scholarships each year. Humphrey Fellowship Program The Humphrey Fellowship Program is for experienced professionals interested in strengthening their leadership skills through a mutual exchange of knowledge and understanding about issues of common concern in the U.S. and Fellows’ home countries. As a non-degree program, the Fellowship offers valuable opportunities for professional development through selected university courses, attending conferences, networking, and practical work experiences.Easy Scholarships for International Students by US Colleges and Universities American University Scholarships American University (AU) awards a limited number of generous partial merit scholarships. American University’s merit awards for international students are partial, not full, scholarships. They are highly competitive and based on a combination of outstanding academic achievement, excellent communication skills in English, leadership, volunteerism, and community service. AU Emerging Global Leader Scholarship Program The AU EGL scholarship covers all billable AU expenses (full tuition, room and board) for one international student who will need a visa (preferably an F-1 or J-1 student visa) to study in the United States. The scholarship does not cover non-billable expenses such as mandatory health insurance, books, airline tickets and miscellaneous expenses (approximately U.S.$4,000 per year). Amherst College Scholarships The award is sometimes called an â€Å"aid package† because it may include both self-help (employment) and gift aid (scholarships and grants). Students with lower financial need will be offered self-help. Students with greater need will be offered a combination of self-help and gift aid. Amherst College has replace all initially packaged, need based student loans with grant assistance and also offers $2,000 in an employment opportunity. Come back soon as we will continue to add to this page†¦ If you need help writing an Essay, feel free to contact us and check out our 6000+ free resources

Practicum Counseling Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Practicum Counseling Report - Case Study Example I explained at no time during the session would there be shaming, blaming, criticism or judgment. The goal of the session was to test listening and dialogue skills (Hendrix, 2008). Hope and Jermaine Bailey wanted to discuss their increasing feelings of isolation in their marriage. There children were grown and had left their house. The quiet of their home had become deafening for both of them and Jermaine was spending less and less time at home with Hope. The tradition of family dinners ended when the children left. Both Hope and Jermaine find themselves freer than ever before. They feel like they have let their relationship grow stale. Hope tells me that she feels like they don't have quality time together. She feels like Jermaine is uninterested in her - he works all day and is busy in the evening-Hope works during the day and is home in the evening. Hope explains that she feels like Jermaine's life is more exciting than hers. She is feeling frustrated because he doesn't seem to listen to her when he is home-he always seems preoccupied according to Hope. Hope doesn't feel like she is a part of Jermaine's life or the people he surrounds himself with. Jermaine explains that when he comes home he is always tired. I don't think she understands what I'm going through at work. I have a pretty stressful job. Jermaine says he is annoyed that Hope doesn't understand that he is tired and that he doesn't listen to her because she is a complainer. She talks at him instead of to him. Jermaine and Hope didn't have these insights when we first started the session. The couple first started talking about what they argue about-the dirty dishes and not being home at mealtime. By the end of the session, the real problems were divulged and it had nothing to do with mealtimes and dirty dishes. I explained that they were cut up in a trap and that they could get out of it. I gave an example of the trap they were in-he complains that she is irritable and argumentative and negative so he tunes her out, doesn't share his thoughts or feelings with her and becomes isolated. He shuts himself off from the relationship and she is pushing him a way from her while becoming clingy and needy because he is physically and emotionally removed from the relationship. Hopes clinginess and neediness is pushing Jermaine farther away instead of bringing him closer like she desires. By the end of the session Hope explained to Jermaine that she feels if she gives him more space they won't have a relationship. Jermaine explains to Hope that he worries that she loves him, but isn't in love with him any more. Both explain that they are feeling pressured in the marriage. Neither really feels that home is a safe haven anymore. Session #2: Date of session: October 6, 2008 Time of Session: 7PM Location of session: We returned to the same space used for the first session. The room was set up in the same way. The first few minutes of the session was used to calm the couple down through breathing exercises. I explained at no time during the session would there be shaming, blaming, criticism or judgment. The goal of the session was to recapture their feelings of isolation and to find ways to use dialogue more effectively (Hendrix, 2008). Background information: Hope and Jermaine began to see their patterns of behavior and

Paralegal Duties and Case Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paralegal Duties and Case Scenarios - Essay Example In here, there is relationship called attorney-client relationship. A client-witness is one who has an existing attorney-client relationship with the hired attorney. The client is at the same time a witness or involved in a controversy and the hired attorney is the counsel. A non-client witness may refer to someone who may provide information to an attorney but no attorney-client relationship exists. The importance of an attorney-client relationship during an interview is that any information to be given by the client-witness is covered under the privileged communication rule. The privileged communication rule is a rule on evidence which provides that any information given by the client-witness to the attorney is kept confidential and cannot be divulged by the attorney without permission from the client-witness. On the other hand, the privilege is not applicable on the information gathered from or provided by a non-client witness since there is the absence of attorney-client relationship. The differences between interviewing a client-witness and a non-client witness are based on the fact that the existence or absence of the attorney-client relationship will define what level of participation the witnesses will give to the interviewer. A client-witness is expected to be participative in giving information while the non-client witness may have hesitance or may not give any information at all. As such, different plans and techniques must be provided for each of these kinds of interviewees. In the interview for a client-witness for example, the subject should do most of the talking with less interruptions by the interviewee. The purpose of the interview is to gather as much information that will help the interviewee generate relevant and useful ideas for the controversy. Questions are reserved for the latter part of the interview so as to preserve the continuity of the interviewee's statements. If there are questions that need to be clarified, the attorney can always call the client-witness anytime. On the other hand, interviewing a non-client witness entails selection of questions to be answered by the interviewee. Since most of the times the interviewee is non-participative, the interviewer should initiate the interview by asking questions. Usually, the purpose of the interview is to get an admission or confession or statements which can be admissible evidences so questions should be relevant. If the questions relate to the interviewee's participation in a controversy before a court, the interviewee should be reminded of his or her Miranda rights to make the statements or answers admissible in court proceedings. Case 2 The National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) on its research concluded that the privilege communication rule on attorney-client relationship and the ethical standards for attorneys also apply to paralegals. And under the NFPA own rules, code of ethics, and professional responsibility, paralegals are expected to avoid conflicts of interest in handling cases. Conflict of interest may arise when a paralegal will work both for the conflicting parties in a controversy. Under ethical considerations, a paralegal should refuse to accept a client whom he knows to be an adversary to a case he currently holds or previously held. He should not also desire to get

Drawing Competition Award Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drawing Competition Award Ceremony - Essay Example Research shows that THALASSAEMIA has transformed from a fatal childhood disease into a mere chronic one. This shows that health authorities are concerned about improving the condition of the patients. Why then due to economic downfall have we neglected the necessity of financing an issue which has shown the potential for improvement? Healthy citizens are an asset to the nation; they help make a country grow and reach its goals. A country that does not see the importance of the wellbeing of its people cannot hope to prosper. It is an obligation for all of us to voice out this issue so that recession does not become a threat to our health. Let us be a part of the struggle that the health sector is making in trying to eradicate these diseases from the face of this world. Let us join hands and be the voice of the patients who suffer from such a disease. So that they have hope to see in the near future their children and grandchildren devoid of the pain they went through. Health is a basi c right for all the citizens and for patients it is a necessity. And so we as a nation should make sure that this sector does not go unnoticed due to the economic downfall. Creating awareness about the seriousness of the issue a drawing competition was held. The topic was â€Å"Economic Recession: Observe- Join Forces- Safeguard Health: The right to quality health care for every patient†. High School Students and Senior High/ Technical School Students were allowed to register for the competition. This competition aimed to create awareness about the attention not being paid to the health department with respect to Thalassemia due to the economic recession. It is a reminder to the people and authorities that quality health care is the right of every patient and it must be considered seriously when allocating budget for health. A big applause to these young men and women who have gathered here and made this competition possible. You feel strong when you see the youth of your cou ntry so ready to improve the health condition of the world. The people gathered here to make you believe that change is possible and we will make it possible.

Crisis Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crisis Mangement - Essay Example f whom had been working for more than 20 years, and replaced them with out-of-state workers from Georgia based Hospitality Staffing Solutions.† Indeed, it was a heartless act that lead the public to give an overwhelming reaction to the controversy. The staff were described to have started crying, each found the dismissal unbelievable. For the piteous housekeeping staff, who have given more than two decades of their lives for the hotel, it was unthinkable. The company, which they have served and have shown loyalty had suddenly discharged them from service. Cruel, unfeeling, harsh, these words define the decision of Hyatt on their employees Such hullabaloo gave rise to negative impression towards Hyatt. Being in a hospitality industry, it is imperative that the company maintains its friendly, comforting image. It was indeed a mishap for the organization, not being able to foresee that such pitiless act can generate tremendous public sympathy. Chase, Katie J. published, â€Å"Hyatt officials confirmed the layoffs at the three hotels, but declined to say whether the chain was considering similar moves in other locations across the country.† It was already deferred when the hotel company realized the terrible effect of its act to the picture which it has worked for. And of course, when one ruins its image, it also ruins its revenue. Woolhouse, Megan published, â€Å"Experts say that indignation has been fueled by the Hyatt Hotels and Resorts chain’s muted response to the uproar after it fired housekeeping staffs at the Hyatt Regency Boston, Hyatt Harborside, and Hyatt Regency Cambridge and replaced them with workers from an Atlanta staffing company.† It is, undeniably, a trying time for Hyatt. The rage from the public was devastating, great support and empathy were directed to the housekeeping staff, who---not even in their dreams---had imagined that such day would be their last at the hotel. Evidently, Hyatt management never imagined reactions to be

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom Essay

The Young and Elder Consumers of SONY in United Kingdom - Essay Example at there will be an â€Å"increased intergenerational heterogeneity in total spending† – i.e., the effect of pension reforms will tend to change the intergenerational distribution of income, shifting stronger expenditure to the elderly in countries which provide more thorough coverage of retirees’ social benefits than other countries. (1) A Sony product has been designed for old people and the disabled is the BRAVIA LCD television series for the European market, that incorporates standard features such as an audio description function providing the consumer a narrative soundtrack for the visually challenged and impaired, and digital video teletext for those who have loss of hearing function. (2) Sony’s Reader digital device, another product made available in the US, Canada and Europe, stores hundred of books in one unit, but allows readers who have difficulty with their vision to adjust the size of the text on the screen. (3) All Sony TVs also come with adjustable headphone sets that may be used simultaneously with the speakers to be able to enjoy the television program with their non-hearing impaired family and friends. 2. The competition environment, (you can choose three comany) to the older people, you find some resources on what new products these companies developed targeting at older people in recent years.(150-200 words) Teh, J 2009 â€Å"Make-in-Singapore Phone, iNO Mobile, for Elderly to Debut in PC Show,† TechieLobang 11 June 2009. Accessed 18 June 2011 from http://techielobang.com/blog/2009/06/11/make-in-singapore-phone-ino-mobile-for-elderly-to-debut-in-pc-show/ Foresight Technologies of Singapore, making iNO Mobile, for elderly and young children. The phone is described as simple, with the basic features and large number key pad, which will serve the uses of the elderly and young who are not tech savvy but need to get only the fundamental functions. Called the CPO9, the mobile has a candybar design and will sell for a very reasonable

Compare the relative qualities and characteristics of Modular Essay

Compare the relative qualities and characteristics of Modular Information Systems against Integrated Software Systems in respect - Essay Example This information is produced to meet a business objective and it is valuable to the company. Information system is a set of elements which collect data, process and give the output data and information (Sommerville 2010). Business information systems are used by businesses and organizations for storing, processing and analysing data. The information systems are useful to the organizations since they enable the employees to recognize new patterns and relationships in the stored data. This enables the companies to make important decisions which ensure that the organization gains a competitive advantage in the market. The information systems ensure that the organizations activities are conducted efficiently and reliably and this improves the overall performance of the business. There are different types of information systems and this leads to variations in the functionalities of business systems. Computer systems are software programs that are developed to capture, store and manipulate data. There are different types of computer systems in the market and this depends mostly on the functionality of the software (Ajmani 2004). There are different processes of developing software programs and this result to different software products with different characteristics. The process of developing that system is crucial to the functionality of the systems. Modular information systems are comprised of different modules that are connected together. The development of this system is done by partitioning the overall system into distinct parts known as modules. The modules have different functionalities and are developed independently. This type of development is preferred by organizations which have different functionalities and require detailed processes in the software systems. The modules are then integrated to form one huge system which can be used by an organization to conduct its business activities. Integrated software systems are developed as single units and the func tionality of the system is achieved by the whole system. Most of the integrated software systems are off-the shelf systems which are bought directly from the software dealers (Bass,et al., 2008). The functionality of the system meets the requirements of the organization and there is no need for gathering specific requirements of the organization. Modular information systems are flexible. This is because it is possible to replace or add one component to the system without affecting the other rest of the system. This is useful in organizations that are involved in many activities which are dynamic (Clements and Kazman 2008). The new activities that are carried out by an organization might require the development of a new system to meet the functionality required by the organization. Organizations which have modular systems can easily integrate new modules to meet their requirements. This is effective as there is little interruption to the business activities since one module is only a ffected. Integrated systems might result to the disruption of the whole system as new functionalities to the existing systems cannot be added without affecting all the system processes. The modular information systems perform better than integrated systems. The modular systems are developed from requirements that have been gathered from the organization. This ensures that the system is developed to perform better in the

Cultural framework Essay Example for Free

Cultural framework Essay Aside from individual perceptions and resources available to the individual and the community, interventions aimed at reducing and mitigating the spread of HIV infections must take into account the existence of social support systems in the community and society where individuals are located. For one, the availability of support either from friends, family, or community community influences an individual’s decision to adopt or change his or her lifestyle to mirror the objectives of health promotion programs. At the same time, the behaviors and lifestyles of an individual’s friends, family, or community itself may be promoting values and norms that contribute to HIV risk factors. The experiences of the HIV Prevention Planning Council of the San Francisco Health Department (2004) point to the presence of three negative influences that prevent HIV- affected individuals from seeking counselling and treatment and at the same time facilitate the continued transmission of the disease to the general populace. The first among these factors is the prevalence of drug use (p. 14), which promotes both the acceptability of substance abuse as a form of recreation and risky sexual behavior. These values are particularly dominant among San Francisco’s gay communities, whose population unsurprisingly have the biggest number of HIV infections. A second factor is San Francisco’s liberal culture (p. 13), which means that society may be more permissive of and may condone risky sexual behavior that would be deemed unacceptable in other places. The growing acceptability of risky sexual behavior and the decreasing popularity of condom use becomes a motivation for individuals to engage in activities that expose them to possible HIV infection. Moreover, the liberal culture within San Francisco’s communities may be reinforcing the acceptability of drug use, especially among poorer neighborhoods. Zierler and Krieger (1997, p. 405) note that poor communities may find substance abuse appealing, or at least find it inoffensive, since it serves both as a source of livelihood and as a source of recreation and stimulation. On the other hand, the ironic existence of racist and discriminatory attitudes within liberal San Francisco (San Francisco Health Department, 2004, p. 8) may discourage people of color, gay, and male-to-female transgendered individuals from seeking help when they become infected by HIV due to the fear that they will be doubly stigmatized by carrying the disease. Although San Francisco’s liberal values and attitudes may have negative effects on efforts to curb the HIV epidemic, these same values also provide a positive influence in combatting HIV. For one, San Francisco’s â€Å"progressive thinking and liberal policies† (San Francisco Health Department, 2004, p. 13) also enables individuals infected with HIV to easily gain the support of their friends, families, and communities, which could provide enough encouragement for them to adopt healthier lifestyles. San Francisco’s openness and diversity also allow individuals to create and live their own lifestyles with minimal pressure to conform to dominant beliefs and values which could help individuals avoid popular but negative influences on lifestyle choices. Likewise, the liberal culture within many communities enables individuals to seek support from peers such as the gay community when one’s own family displays reluctance to provide support to the individual affected by HIV. Clearly, HIV intervention programs could utilize the existence of positive social support structures in a society in order to successfully combat HIV. At the same time, these programs must be able to address and mitigate the negative influence of an individual’s social support network, including the values and attitudes of friends or family members which discourage an individual from changing his or her lifestyle to reduce HIV risk and exposure. Works Cited: San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2004). 2004 San Francisco HIV prevention plan. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://sfhiv. org/documents/Complete2004SanFranciscoHIVPreventionPlan. pdf Zierler, S. Krieger, (1997). Reframing women’s risk: social inequalities and HIV infection. Annual Review of Public Health 18:401–36.

Alternative and Activist New Media Essay Example for Free

Alternative and Activist New Media Essay New Media Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New media is the access to content by use of digital devices like phones and computers anytime and anywhere across the globe. Harries (56) believes the content of new media is being accessed in purely uncontrolled ways in real time. It is a space dominated by creativity and interaction inform of information sharing in a feedback motivated set up. The new media space is prone to manipulation and is usually networkable and highly interactive. The range of such media is large extending from internet, video programmes, CD-ROMs to multimedia just to mention a few. New media is paperless and does not include television programmes usually propagated on analogue signals, books, articles and other written media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wikipedia is arguably the best example of the new media according to Harries (56). It displays a great volume of digital information inform of text, videos, pictures and various links leading to their sites of location. The information therein can be altered by editors and writers to benefit those clients who may not be familiar with the language used-English. The interaction is manifest in the way feedback is accessed in the site by users. Users are also exposed to a variety of information at just a click on one site. Facebook and Wikitude are also examples in this pursuit. Users of Facebook for instance have a higher level of interaction, exchanging instant information in a bidirectional feedback mechanism. Wikitude on the other hand has a capability to show images in three dimensions, recognise such images and give a clear photographic view to realise an amplified reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The benefits of this trend can never be underestimated. Lievrouw (1980) says globalisation is the major impact of the new media. It has increased exchange of information amongst people all over the globe over the internet. People exchange information in form of texts, pictures, drawings, videos among other forms in such platforms that allow blogging and posting of such information on various websites. Social relationship has increased a great deal to the extent it now demeans the distance between people. Globalization is seen as a form of interaction that is not restricted by the borders of one nation but extends across the globe defying the distances over the large land and water masses of the world. What a relief over travelling that was prompted by the need for communication in the past times!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lievrouw, however, maintains that the benefits of globalisation are experienced at the expense of a tension free public space. The new media environment creates a lot of tension amongst different faculties a cross the world. The uncontrolled communication sometimes may become a leeway for the unruly people to use such platforms for their personal gains. The information dissemination disconnects from various authorities both political and cultural. Public relationships between people can be very indented as a result of the geographical trespass. Social restrictions that existed in the past are continuously being eliminated by virtual communities that are speedily mushrooming in the online platforms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He says the American Digital Consumer views the users of the social media as a people who are in constant exchange of pleasantries, ideas and goods online. It praises the role played by new media in the business world especially in advertisement. Although there may be arguments that the internet world does not affect the morals of a society, it is true that the moral decadence in play around the world today is all borne by this trend. Mention any sexual vice like pornographic movies and the propagator will be named internet. From the foregoing argument, it is true that the decadence in the societal morality has being caused by developments that are seen in the new media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sparks (275) says that the media equation asserts that people treat computers like fellow human beings. This implies that new media is also very pivotal in fostering social change in our society. According to Sparks new media has been used to communicate interact and in mobilization of many social groups around the world. The first group to use the new social media to bring changes in organisation and communiquà ©s in the year 1994 was the Zapatista army. Since then the new social media has been used in many ways around the world. The protests around the world are all based on the new media to propagate the information in one way here and there. In big organisations, protests are organised and communicated through the new media. The new media is used to educate members on the various requirements on their engagements. The democratic championship has also been made possible through this platform. The access to information is highly increas ed and hence an increased enlightening citizens. Various people take advantage of the new media to mobilise the support from grassroots levels an endeavour that was almost a dark cat in the dark over the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sparks (300) also argues that even so scepticism has been part of these developments. Sceptic scholars cite imbalance in the access of the new media around the world as a hindrance to attempts aimed at broadening the base of movements. Sometimes this may result in the oppression of the minority in the same movements. Some scholars still doubt how new media may be of value to social movements not only for the ones without access of it but also for them that use it. The movements can also use the new media wrongly as in the case for constant mass action by the university students around the world. If such actions have no grounded base on democracy then their propagation on such media is of no value to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National security is a priority to any government. The new media is very important role player in this field. All the information on security is stored in a data based and secured. The information can be accessed easily and at once using various data base tool by the authorities in times of need hence improving the reactions in times of security shocks. Surprisingly the recent trend of terrorism shows sophisticated use of the new media in the accomplishment of their merciless attacks on innocent citizens of various countries. New social media has become a very good platform for terrorist to organise their malicious acts. After a massacre you can hear those giving talks that are evident of claims for responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Industries also use new social media to pass across information regarding various duties. Employees within different departments can share information and ideas culminating to quality improvement in the industry. Politicians also use social platforms nowadays to rally support. Their manifestos, pictures and achievements on behalf of people can always be posted to keep people abreast of their good deeds. In summary new media has a great impact on the present societal trends. It all depends on the individuals who use it and the reason for which the use it. It is very beneficial if used well across different fields to bring positive change. References Harries, Dan. The New Media Book. London: British Film Institute, 2002. Print. Lievrouw, Leah A. Alternative and Activist New Media. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011. Print. Sparks, Glenn G. Media Effects Research: A Basic Overview. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Source document

Features of Non-literary Translation

Features of Non-literary Translation Introduction Text Bankers bonuses: Caps on pay are no way to restore the financial system to health (text 1) and text Labour conference: Talking to itself (text 2) are quite different and at the same time share some common features. The title of text 1 suggests that the text is about cutting top-bankers salaries and its overall effect on the financial system of the country. Whereas, judging by the title, the subject matter of the second text is the results of the Labour party conference. The texts are both specialised, but the specialist fields differ: text 1 belongs to the field of business and economics and text 2 is a national political text. The last part of this essay will look at this aspect in detail; the first two will aim at the comparative analysis in terms of text type and purpose, register and readership, lexis and syntax; the third part will deal with potential translation problems aroused by certain lexical items. Abbreviations: ST source text TT target text BT back translation Text type and purpose, genre, register and readership As Hatim and Mason state, generally most texts are hybrid in their nature, but text purposes may only be viewed in terms of dominances of a given purpose or contextual focus (1990: 146). Text 1 is purely argumentative, while text 2 can be also called hybrid, as it comprises some features of narration (report on the Labour party conference held in September of 2009), but mainly argumentation. According to Hatim and Masons text typology, text 2 belongs to the type of the through-argument, which is citing the thesis and arguing it through (1990: 152). Indeed, the author at the very beginning states that the leading political party is separated from the British people and it is unlikely to be re-elected, because the public trust was lost, and then he proves that idea in each paragraph, making a conclusion at the end that Labour is not loved by public, therefore there is not too much hope for them to win the future elections. As for text 1, it can be classified as the counter-argumentativ e. At first, the author cites John Kenneth Galbraith, a very famous economist of the second half of the 20th century, who expressed his negative attitude to the bonuses system. Then in each paragraph he opposes that thesis by various arguments, giving examples of how that problem is solved in other countries and in the UK. Finally, he expresses his own opinion that the problem is very acute but legislation to cut bankers salaries is all wrong and another way out should be found by the British government in order to restore the financial system of the country. So the texts belong to the same text type (with the hint of hybridisation in text 2), meaning that their main function is persuasive. It is known, that the intention of the text represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter (Newmark P. 1988:12). The notion of the text type is closely connected with the purpose of the text. Thus the authors of both texts aim at appealing to their addressees by promoting acceptance or evaluation of some ideas or concepts. Moreover, the choice of lexis in both texts is strongly determined by the authors intentions, text type and purpose: the texts are marked by the use of connotative words which immediately indicates the argumentative text type. Lexical features of the texts will be looked at in detail later. As a conventional text type that is associated with a specific communicative function (Munday J. 2001: 91-92) genres of the texts are also linked with their argumentative nature; especially text 2 which is an editorial from the online version of the Guardian newspaper (editorials usually have highly evaluative content and, as can be assumed, appellative purpose). Text 2, as a comment from www.timesonline.co.uk, is characterised by the persuasive function of the whole text with the little difference that it also performs, although not predominantly, an informative function, which is typical of the genre of a newspaper article. Register, as a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific function (Baker M. 1992: 15), always depends on intention, text type, genre and purpose of the text. Text 1 and 2 can be also compared in this sense meaning that the first text, as stated before, deals with problems in banking sector, so it belongs to the field of economics, whereas text 2 is clearly political. There is also a difference between two texts in terms of tenor: text 1 has a higher level of formality than text 2 as it is more specialised, while text 2 is less formal. Although in both texts the register is semi-formal. The texts are similar in the mode written to be read reflectively, because the authors aim at producing that kind of effect. As it was stated before, text 1 and 2 are from the national English newspapers which are ranked as highly authoritative sources. That is why their intended readership is, obviously, an educated public, presumably of middle or upper class, who reads that kind of newspapers. Although the distinction can be made here in terms of different fields of these texts: text 1 is addressed to the people who are able to understand and evaluate economical issues, whereas text 2 is mostly aimed at those who are interested in politics. Overall, the readership for both texts is quite the same: it entitles a great deal of cultural background knowledge and assumes a substantial, but not very specialised, knowledge of political, economical, historical and social life on its national and international levels. Lexis, grammar and syntax Lexical and syntactic features of both texts are determined by several important factors which are certainly interdependent. Firstly, because they are argumentative they are marked by the extensive use of connotative words, mainly negative in meaning: (text1) heady rewards'(line 4), public fury'(line 10), full-blown financial panic'(line 18), shed his troubles'(line 18), ambitious plan'(line 19), expresses dismay'(line 24), introduce distortions'(line 33), reform'(line 39), hobble the City'(line 40), landgrab'(line 42), bloated'(line 45) But in text 2 the connotative lexis is stronger than in the first one, again, because of its argumentative text type, editorial genre, authors appellative intention and persuasive function. (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), speaking mournfully'(line 6), retrospective regret'(line 8), dogmatic enthusiasm'(line 13), helium-voiced theatricality'(line 22), cheeky self-referential game'(line 27), populist crackdown'(line 36), crusade'(line 39), inject passion'(line 35) The selection of words in terms of style is also different in two texts: text 2 is marked by the use of colloquialisms, together with more formal lexis: (text 2) smash down'(line 5), backward-looking'(line 10), what on earth'(line 20), boils down'(line 15), keep leadership alive'(line 10), drive the party further'(line 15), awful idea'(line 41), fell flat'(line 29), messy'(line 37) In this case such lexical choice depends a lot on highly persuasive effect the author aims at producing in the text. There is no doubt that the field of specialisation has strong influence on the language of the texts. Text 1 is about banking and economics, that is why there are many terms from this field: (text 1) boardroom'(line 4), chief executive'(line 5), corporation'(line 5), global economy'(line 11), banking sector'(line 8), recapitalise'(line 20), traders'(line 27), compensation schemes'(line 31), tax liabilities'(line 36), chairman'(line 43), economic case'(line 44), financial instability'(line 15) The following example illustrates another feature of economical texts, noun clusters, which are several nouns and adjectives to designate one single concept (Guadalupe Acedo Dominguez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D., available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03/2003): (text 1) short-term trading profits'(line 29), risk-adjusted profits'(line 32) As for text 2, it is similar to text 1 in terms of the use of terminology, but this time the terms belong to the field of politics: (text 2) political conference'(line 3), ministers'(line 7), strategy'(line 10), electorate'(line 15), polling day'(line 19), speeches'(line 22), technocratic instrument'(line 42) The terms from other disciplines are widely used in both texts, again, because the fields of politics and economics are characterised by this feature: (text 1) policymakers'(line 11), capitalism'(line 25), code of conduct'(line 26), legislation'(line 33) (text 2) apparatus'(line 4), security state'(line 4), economic crisis'(line 12), recovery'(line 13), secure zone'(line 17), financial crisis'(line 35), populist'(line 36) Political texts are a part and/or result of politics, they are historically and culturally determined (Schà ¤ffner C. Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation, edited by Trosberg A., 1997: 119). This can also be said about economical texts. That is why both texts are abundant in culture-specific references (proper names, dates, personal, historical and geographical references): (text 1) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4), the G20 (line 9), the City'(line 40), Mr Brown line 18), Angela Merkel (line 26), president Sarkozy (line 24), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34), Lord Turner Ecchinswell (line 43), the Financial Services Authority (line 43) (text 2) Labour (line 10), Gordon Brown (line 11), the Conservatives (line 16), Alistair Darling (line 21), Peter Mandelson (line 21), the City (line 36), Progress rally (line 43), 11 ministers (line 43), chancellor (line 24), business secretary (line 28) Texts 1 and 2 are both rich in figurative language, mainly metaphors and metonyms (influenced by their text type, purpose and field). For example, Newmark says that game metaphors are frequent in political texts (1991: 158), which can be shown by the example: (text 2) Lord Mandelson played with the hall, a cheeky self-referential game (line 26) Here Mandelsons speech is compared to a game, thus metaphorically establishing a comparison between one idea and another (Beard A. 2000: 19). Synecdoche, as a type of metonymy when the part stands for the whole, is used in the second text (face stands for the person): (text 2) convincing face of a crusade against the City (about Alistair Darling) (line 39) There are many other metaphors and metonyms in text 2: (text 2) age-old characteristic'(line 31), chase the prime minister'(line 19), left the country cold'(line 27), conference speaking mournfully to itself'(line 6), etc. Text 1 is not that rich in figurative language as text 2, because it deals with economical problems, still a few examples can be given: (text 1) bloated (financial sector)'(line 45), market award'(line 5), contaminating the wider economy'(line 16), hobble the City'(line 40) As far as grammar is concerned, in both texts such parts of speech as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and particles, emotive verbs are used extensively which is related to the argumentative text type conventions: (text 1) heady rewards'(line 4), widespread belief'(line 8), populist and fanciful schemes'(line 15), competitively'(line 17), likely'(line 10), ambitious plan'(line 19), commensurate penalty'(line 30), shed his troubles'(line 18), sought to rescue the global economy'(line 11), inveigh against'(line 11), expresses dismay'(line 24), insists'(line 27), are adept at inventing'(line 36), devoted themselves'(line 35), but'(line 21), however'(line 23) (text 2) dreary apparatus'(line 3), valedictory dispatches'(line 7), wrong'(line 16), feelgood therapy'(line 22), mutual distrust'(line 45), awful idea'(line 41), speaking mournfully'(line 6), helium-voiced'(line 22), fighting for their future'(line 7), cutting the party off'(line 5), smash down'(line 5), turned on the public'(line 18), indulged in'(line 22), fell flat'(line 29), demean'(line 32), certainly'(line 36), but'(line 6), still'(line 28), if'(line 19), only'(line 33), at least'(line 10) Both texts are marked by the use of active voice of verbs. It is linked to the authors intentions and the text purpose, when it is important to point out agents of the action (individuals, parties, groups, economies or countries) in order to appeal to the reader: (text 1) public furyreflects'(line 8), governments are outdoing'(line 13), Mr brown shed his troubles and sought to rescue'(line 18), Mr Browns notion never extended'(line 21), governments seen the opportunity'(line 23), search of profits generated large rewards'(line 29) (text 2) ministers are writing'(line 7), party feels'(line 8), the Conservatives would threaten recovery'(line 13), party made no attempt'(line 18), both men found it easier'(line 30) To achieve emphasis in meaning modal verbs are often used in both texts: (text 1) Gordon Brown could perform. (line 14), Mr Brown should not mistake'(line 41) (text 2) they should be fighting'(line 7), no minister should talk'(line 24), the debate should be had in public'(line 42) Transitivity of verbs also adds to their emphatic meaning: (text 1) cap bankers pay'(line 13), prevent financial instability'(line 15), recapitalise the banks'(line 20), seen the opportunity'(line 23) (text 2) smash down barriers'(line 5), left the country cold'(line 27), writing dispatches'(line 7), demean your opponents'(line 32), won an argument'(line 40) Mostly present and future tenses are used in both texts to show either the real state of things, the authors statements expressing their negative attitude or not very promising predictions: (text 1) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimize tax liabilities. (line 36) But legislation to cap bankers pay is not the answer. (line 33) (text 2) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) The disadvantage is that it will drive the party further from the electorate. (line 14) Syntactic features of the text are certainly determined by the argumentative text type. Thus both text 1 and 2 do not have a very complex syntax. The average length of the sentences is medium. Text 2, being explicitly appellative, comprises more short sentences than text1: (text 2) He is right. (line 24) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He still knows what is needed. (line 28) There is certainly much to do. (line 36) The sentences are relatively simple. In those which are complex the main clauses and the subordinate clauses are connected with conjunctions or temporal adverbs. Conditional clauses are typical of the argumentative text type: they are used to reflect the authors opinion: (text 1) If employers wished to reward staff, they would do it in benefits rather than in cash. (line 34) (text 2) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The types of the sentences are determined by the argumentative text type of the texts: there are statements, rhetorical question and even imperative used for emphasis: (text 1) There is a problem in bankers pay. (line 29) It is not to hinder the banking sector from operating competitively. (line 16) Recall the incomes policies of the 1970s. (line 34) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He is right. (line 24) if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19) The word order in both texts is fixed, although there is a slight deviation from the English norm (subject + predicator + object + adjunct), when the time adjunct precedes the subject (in purposes of emphasising its meaning in the sentence): (text 2) Too late, Labour is trying to inject passion into its response to the financial crisis (line 35) On the textual level, both texts have much in common in terms of cohesive devices used for emphasis, opposition, contrast or reasoning, as they are markers of the argumentative text type. For example, adversative, temporal and continuative conjunctions used as connectors between sentences relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other (Baker M. 1992: 190): (text 1 ) But it is easier for policymakers to inveigh against highly paid bankers (line 11) Other European governments have, however, seen the opportunity to propose tough new regulation. (line 23) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimise tax liabilities. (line 36) (text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10) He spoke much of the time in the past tense, while Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33) In text 2 parallelism is used emphatically as a perfect cohesive device to stress out Labours separation from the public (the structure from the topic sentence of the first paragraph is repeated but filled with the new content in the last paragraph): (text 2) still fences, scanners, identity badges and armed police. (line 4) Sitting inside its steel fence, Labour is asking why it is no longer loved. (line 46) Potential translation problems in text 1 Translating this text from English into Russian, a translator might experience some translation problems, connected with specialist and culture-bound terms and collocations used in the source text. For example: (ST) central bankers (line 9) (BT) heads of central banks. In Russian the constituents of this economic term cannot collocate and translated literally would sound wrong, thus the strategy of supplementation plus translation using related words is used. Another example of the problem connected with specialist terms: (ST) capital reserves (line 37) (BT) reserved capital In Russian this economical term is represented in a different form from the grammatical point of view: the word order and the parts of speech are changed. The translator should be careful in rendering this term accurately. In the following example the term is translated literally, because it represents an exact notion, suggested by Gordon Brown: (ST) new international financial architecture (line 21) In this case the potential translation problem of non-equivalence is solved but in order to do it the translator has to do some research on parallel texts in the target language. The translation problem can be aroused while translating the following jargon expression: (ST) cap bankers pay (line 13) (BT) limit bankers bonuses The English colloquial expression is translated by the more neutral Russian equivalent. This choice is determined by style and register conventions of the target language; in English the use of colloquial language in newspaper articles on serious political or economical issues is common, whereas in Russian a more formal expression is stylistically more appropriate. As Schà ¤ffner points out, texts with references to a wide range of cultural patterns of the society in question, including aspects of its economic, political and legal life, require a lot of background knowledge for a coherent interpretation(1997: 133). Consequently, the translating cultural words and collocations may pose difficulties for the translator. (ST) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4) (BT) a famous economist, John Kenneth Galbraith It is necessary to use the strategy of supplementation plus explanation, because not all the readers in the target culture would be familiar with this European name. (ST) incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) (BT) unsuccessful incomes policies of the 1970s in Britain Translating from English into Russian it is better to specify the result of the particular economic measures in Britain, as the term is clearly culture-specific and needs to be explained to the target reader. (ST) City bonuses (line 8) (BT) bonuses of the City of London Again, when this cultural reference is first met in the text it is necessary to explain which City the author refers to. (ST) Financial Services Authority (line 43) (BT) Financial Services Office The name of organisation will possibly cause a translation problem, especially if the translator is not an expert in the field of economics in the target language. There might be problems at the above word level: (ST) financial sector that is bloated (line 45) (BT) bloated financial sector According to Larson, the metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is, if it sounds natural and is understood by the readers) (1998: 279). In Russian it is possible to keep this metaphorical image. But the word should be put in the inverted commas not to make it sound colloquial in Russian. (ST) hobble the City (line 40) (BT) cause troubles for the City In English the meaning of this expression is idiomatic (to cause to limp). In Russian there is no idiomatic equivalent with the same meaning, that is why the translation strategy of paraphrase is used here. Moreover, in Russian it would be stylistically inappropriate to use an idiom in the text of semi-formal register published in the national newspaper. Although the translator should take into account the text type conventions. Thus the colloquial word in the inverted commas would be an option in the same type of argumentative text in the target language. Field of specialisation According to Desbalches communication pyramid, texts 1 and 2 can be positioned on the level 5, as they are produced by generalists in number of sciences and addressed to educated, interested general public (2001: 21). What makes these texts specialised is that they belong to certain specialist fields and that they are marked by the use of terminology specific to those fields. As it was stated before, the fields of specialisation in text 1 and 2 are different. Text 1 belongs to the field of banking which is a sub-field of business and economics. The language of the text, as in any text of economic discourse, is very specific: it relates to other fields such as politics and history, that is why not only specialist terms listed before are widely used but also many external terms can be found: (text 1) populist'(line 15) (historical), policymakers'(line 11) (political), code of conduct'(line 26) (legal), statute'(line 38) (political and legal), etc. An abundance of culture-bound references is an important feature of the language of economics. The cultural, personal, historical and geographical references occur frequently in the text: (text 1) Gordon Brown (line 14), the City (line 40), the Financial Services Authority (line 43), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34) Text 2 belongs to the field of politics. It is literary in style (as many other texts of the same field, especially those of the argumentative text type), that is why there are numerous examples of strong connotative and colloquial language: (text 2) bombast'(line 21), smash down (line 5), fell flat (line 29), awful idea (line 41), mutual distrust (line 45), technocratic instrument (line 42), messy (line 37), ingratitude (line 18), fighting for their future (line 7), sly jibes (line 31) Also the extensive use of figurative language is essential for political texts. The language in text 2 is marked by the use of metaphors and metonyms adding to the effect of emotiveness and evaluation: (text 2) two worlds in one town (line 3), crusade against the City (line 39); when it talks to people outside will it discover the answer (line 47) (about Labour); Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26); sitting inside its steel fence (line 46) (about Labour) Irony as a figure of speech, often found in political texts, is also used here: (text 2) It boils down to telling voters that they are wrong not to thank the government for the good things it has done. (line 15) Mr Darling enhances the government with a quiet reliability and he was well-mannered enough yesterday came not to point out that the prime minister came within hours of sacking him last June. (line 37) Both texts, as they belong to language-specific fields of politics and economics, comprise some concepts of abstraction: (text 1) public fury (line 8), individual (line 6), widespread belief (line 8), issue (line 10), new regulation (line 23), large rewards (line 30) (text 2) apparatus (line 4), strategy (line 10), separation (line 6), enthusiasm (line 13), decency (line 21) At last, text 2 can be addressed not only to the source language community, meaning that it has a wider political audience in mind (Schà ¤ffner C. 1997: 127). Bibliography Baker, M. (1992) In Other words, A Coursebook on translation. London: Routledge Beard, A. (2000) The Language of Politics. London: Routledge Desblache L. (2001) Aspects of Specialised Translation. Paris: La Maison Dictionnaire Guadalupe Acedo Domingez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D, University of Extramadura, Spain (2002) Implications in Translating Economic Texts Translation Journal 6 (3). Available at http://accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03.2002 Hatim, B. and Mason, I. (1990) Discourse and the Translator. London: Longman Larson M. L. (1998) Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York: University Press of America Inc. Munday, J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London: Routledge Newmark, P. (1991) About Translation. New York/London: Clevedon: Prentice Hall Newmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall Europe Schà ¤ffner C. (1997) Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation [edited by Trousberg A.]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 119-143

Coelomate And Acoelomate :: essays research papers

Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geological time, however the diversity among them is extraordinary. Every organism is very unique a detailed in certain ways, comparisons of certain types of organisms can be very difficult. The class in which will be compared is that of the invertebrates. The main difference between coelomate and acoelomate body plans are that coelomates have a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by tissue which is derived from mesoderm. The purpose of this cavity is to cushion the suspended organs to help them prevent injury, enables internal organs to grow and move independently from the outer body wall. Acoelomates, though, lack a cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. An example of an acoelomate would be a flatworm, or planarian, While an example of a coelomate would be a rotifer. The differences between protostome and deuterostome development are the characteristics in their cleavage, their coelom formation, and the fate of their blastopore. Many protostomes undergo spiral cleavage. In spiral cleavage, planes of cell division occur diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. The cleavage also determinates, which casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. In deuterostomes, they undergo radial cleavage, where the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Deuterostomes are further characterized by indeterminate cleavage, which means that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote allows identical twins to be possible. In a protostome, as the archenteron forms, solid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelomic cavities, or schizocoelous development. In deuterostomes, the development of body cavi ties, or enterocoelous, happens when the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. The mouth of many protostomes develops from the first opening, the blastopore. The mouth of a deuterostome is derived from the secondary opening, and the blastopore usually forms the anus. The differences between radial and bilateral symmetry is that an animal with radial symmetry has parts that are arranged like the spokes of a wheel and a cut down the central axis, it would divide the animal into mirror images. Radial animals include hydra, jellyfishes, and their relatives. An animal with bilateral symmetry has a left and right side, and a cut down its central axis would divide the animal into mirror-image halves.

A Character Comparison: Nora Vs. Antigone Essay -- Dolls House Antigo

A Character Comparison: Nora Vs. Antigone In the novels A Doll's House and Antigone, Ibsen and Sophocles respectively create two lead female characters, Nora and Antigone, who confront society's expectations of women in fundamentally different ways. Nora goes against the grain of middle class society by first forging her father's signature and then deceiving her husband, Torvald, throughout their marriage; Antigone, on the other hand, openly challenges and defies the rule of men, including her uncle and King of Thebes, Creon. Although Nora and Antigone share some comparable personality traits, like being strong willed and motivated, they confront the men in their lives and their comparable societies in two distinctive ways, which, as a result, leads to two differing denouements. Nearly every society, Nora and Antigone's are no exception, dictates a specific place or purpose for women, and while Nora and Antigone's respective societies possess some similarities regarding women's place and purpose, they contain several important differences. In Antigone, for example, the relative worth and status of women in Thebian society seems clear; women are to submit to the rule of man. Ismene suggests this submissive attribute of women in Thebian society when she begs Antigone not to defy Creon's commands, "Remind ourselves that we are women and as such are not made to fight with men." (193) Evidently the Thebian society controlled by men has kept a lid on women's individuality so much so that even a member of the royal family, Ismene, speaks of the futility in attempting to clash with the rule of man. Furthermore, Creon asks Antigone if she is "ashamed to differ from such men [the Chorus]?" (212) This suggests that in Thebian society w... ...igone respectively. Both plays focus on women's place in society and the struggle of two women to discover the repression of women latent in society and to break free of that repression. Surprisingly enough the two societies maintain similar expectations of women, but Nora and Antigone break those expectations via different methods unique to their situations. Nora is repressed by her husband and society, whereas Antigone is repressed by Creon and Thebian society, and while Nora deceives her husband for the majority of their marriage, Antigone's strong will allows her to openly confront Creon's superiority. Thus, the conclusions or denouements of the plays are to some extent different; while Nora survives in theoretical 'perfect freedom' in her society, Antigone is given death, and in a way 'frees' herself from the repressive society in which she has been subjected to.

Lg Hr Policies

LG ELECTRONICS LTD {draw:frame} A great working environment will allow you to exercise and develop all of your skills, and you'll be duly rewarded too! LG Electronics creates working environments that enable all its employees to demonstrate their capabilities, focus on their own work, and create value. HR Principles {draw:frame} Creativity and autonomy An individual's creativity is the basis for value creation. LG Electronics respects diversity and autonomy, allowing each of its employees to exercise their creativity to the full. Emphasis on competence Competence is the basis for performance. LG Electronics sees competence as the most important factor in its personnel decisions. Performance-based rewards Rewards based on performance are essential for human motivation. LG Electronics evaluates performance results fairly and rewards them accordingly. Equal opportunities Equal opportunities build trust among people. LG Electronics ensures equal opportunities regardless of gender, race, age, religion, or nationality. Long-term perspective Maintaining a long-term perspective is the foundation for LG's human resources policies. LG's human resources programs are designed with a long-term perspective and implemented with dedication and persistence. {draw:frame} Training Through its education centers worldwide, LG Electronics offers diverse educational programs to its employees according to rank and job to encourage growth and development and mold them into â€Å"the right people† for the company. They do this by equipping them with the professional capabilities that the company needs and enabling them to apply the latest technologies to their work. Rewards LG Electronics offers its employees a competitive, unique rewards system that takes account of their working situations by nation, region, and job. This rewards system motivates employees to perform better by helping them to enhance their quality of life. LG's rewards system consists of fixed salaries and flexible salaries. Fixed salaries are determined every year through a fair evaluation process. Flexible salaries are immediate rewards given to individual employees for their performance and competence.

Accounting Standard-Setters

Accounting standard-setters have an expectation that the readers of general purpose financial reports have a ‘reasonable knowledge’ of accounting. Specifically, the IASB Framework states that ‘users are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence’. Hence, there is an expectation that financial statements are not tailored to meet the needs of people who have not, in some way, studied financial accounting. Students should be encouraged to consider whether this expectation is in itself ‘reasonable’. As Chapter 2 states, there is an expectation held by accounting standard-setters that users of financial statements have a reasonably sound knowledge of financial accounting. For example, within the IASB Framework (which is also the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) Framework) reference is made to users who ‘are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence’. Within the United States Conceptual Framework Project, reference is made to the ‘informed reader’. Hence, a view has been adopted by the regulators that users of financial statements should have a certain level of knowledge, and when accounting standards are being developed, this level of knowledge is assumed. In defence of this position, we could probably argue that if such an assumption was not made then the development of accounting standards would be much more difficult and time consuming given that the standard-setters would need to consider how uninformed users might react to the particular standards. The position adopted is also consistent with other professions which also typically assume a certain level of expertise when developing guidance for their professions’ members (however, we need to be careful with justifications like this—just because others do a certain thing does not mean it is the ‘right’ thing). If users find it necessary, there are many experts who would be available to provide advice on how particular numbers were derived. Of course, such advice will generally be at a cost which does raise the issue that it can be costly for some individuals to gain an understanding about the operations of organisations that perhaps have an impact on their ongoing existence. Hence, while there is arguably a ‘right-to-know’, for people without an accounting knowledge this right can only be exercised at some cost. In making this judgement, students should consider the various articles that frequently appear in newspapers, and various discussions that occur on television and radio in relation to an organisation’s profits. Rarely is any mention made of the accounting methods used, even though the profits ultimately reported are directly a product of the many decisions that would have been made regarding how particular items should be accounted for (if possible, direct reference should be made to a number of articles which discuss organisations’ reported profits). Hence, it does appear as if profits are often held out as some form of ‘hard’, objective measure of organisational performance. In considering why the media might behave in this manner, one possibility is that those responsible for writing the stories are ignorant that financial accounting relies upon a great deal of professional judgement and they might believe that every decision made by accountants is clearly mapped out by a comprehensive system of rules. Alternatively, the writers might consider that people simply do not want to be ‘bogged down’ in the fine detail. As another possibility the accounting profession, through such vehicles as conceptual frameworks, may have successfully cultivated an impression (with the people in the media, and others) that the practice of accounting is objective, and the output of the accounting system is highly comparable between different entities—meaning that one organisation’s profits can appropriately be compared to another. The implications of this approach to reporting profits in the media is that one entity’s performance as represented by its profit might simply be compared to another, and that the entity with the higher reported profit might be considered to be more successful, and therefore to represent a better investment. Its management might also be considered in a more favourable light than the management of the entity with the lower reported profits. Implications such as this, however, assume that readers and media listeners do not appreciate that profits are directly related to the various accounting choices made. Advocates of an efficient market perspective, however, might argue that as long as the information about accounting method selection is made public somewhere, such as in the annual report, then the market (for example, the capital market), on average, will be able to understand how the adoption of particular accounting methods affected reported profits, and hence the market will not simply fixate on the final numbers reported. There are differences in opinion about the efficiency of markets, such as the capital market. A further point that could be raised in relation to this question is that accounting ‘profits’ are not a comprehensive measure of organisational performance given that accounting profits typically disregard many of the social and environmental implications of a reporting entity.

Promote And Implement Health And Safety Essay

1.1 Legislation that relates to health and safety in a health/social care setting include the following. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992, Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 1.2 The main points of some health and safety policies or procedures such as control of substances hazardous to health COSHH are to make sure that any chemicals that are or could be dangerous to people’s health are used and stored in a correct way that minimises any potential risk to people. Manual handling operations regulations are to ensure that employees/employers are aware of the possible injury’s that can be caused by unsafety lifting procedures and has guidelines for manual handling procedures that greatly reduce the potential of a work related injury occurring due a manual handling operation. 1.3 Self: Any risks that you are aware of are checked and made save. You should also work to maintain a safe working environment. The employer or Manager: They are to make sure that those under their supervision are aware of hazards and possible risks. In addition they should make sure that these staff know how to deal with deal with the risks and hazards, and make sure they know how to ask for guidance for senior staff. These are in addition to the same responsibilities as myself. Others in the work setting: Colleagues have the same duty of care that I do. However ultimate responsibility lays with the Manager/Supervisor. 1.4 Tasks that require special training would include the restraining of a service user. Before undertaking this task a Positive Handling Techniques PHT training should be done. It is used to protect service users and others around them from harm. The administration of controlled medication or any other sort of medication is record on a medication administration sheet MARS, training is needed to follow this procedure to protect service users from medication administration errors. Before starting work in a social care  environment safe guarding training should be under taken, this is done for the protection of service users. 2.1One of the procedures used related to health and safety is a risk assessment. Risk assessments are to be followed for trips out reduce the risk of potential accidents and avoid hazards. They are done during the planning stage of an outhouse activity. The Positive handling techniques used, is an example of an agreed way of working to keep service users and emp loyees safe from physical harm. 2.2I have supported other to understand and follow safe practise when a new employee has started work. I have gone through the correct way to store and use cleaning products. I did this by talking the new employee though the practices used in the house while showing them where the products are stored and then demonstrating how to correctly clean. I have also help other members of staff when performing a practice fire drill by demonstrating the correct procedure to follow when the fire alarm is activated. 2.3I have reported potential health and safety risk by filling out a debriefing form. These are done after an unusual event has happened to make others aware of unusual event and help make action plans in the future to reduce risk if these events happen again. These debriefing forms have been bought up in individual meeting with my senior managers and we talk about the event. In the meeting it will be discussed if and action needs to be take. In cases where it was been agreed that procedures in place aren’t sufficient to deal with the event procedures have been changed then monitored to make sure that they are suitable to deal with the event if it was to happen again. 2.4I have used risk assessments to help plan a day trip for a service user. I made a schedule of the activities the service user wish to take part in, then looked at how they would be able to travel to the destination and what activities would be undertaken and the environment in which they were taking place. I t hen put this information on to a sheet and assessed each action and the potential risks and hazards involved and what could be done to reduce or avoid them. 2.5One way I have reduced the potential of risks and hazards at work was to wait for a service user to leave the house before using a steam cleaner in his room. I have also put up wet floor signs when mopping and will wait for the house to be as quiet as possible before starting to reduce slipping hazards. 2.6I have accessed additional support relating to health and safety before for the key policies files which are  stored in the office. 3.1Accidents could include common one such as slips, trips and falls. Others accidents could be cuts or burns common to kitchen environments. Head or back injuries are other examples of accidents that can happen in a health and social care work place, these can often occur when helping service users in times of distress. Sudden illness may happen at work may include strokes, heart attacks or asthma attacks. 3.2In the event of an accident or sudden illness the first person on the scene should make the area safe if it possible. A first aider should be found and once the situation has be assessed the relevant emergency services should be contacted if needed. Once the situation has been stabilised an accident form should also be completed by the person who has had the accident or be filled out on the behalf if they can’t do so themselves. 4.1When working with a service user it is important to promote good personal hygiene, such as washing hands before preparing food or after using the toilet. It is also important to fill in the infection control file to keep a check on what has been clean or needs to be cleaned. Also only use paper towels once when wiping down surfaces and separate ones for each door handle. Avoid coming in to work when ill to reduce the spread of the illness. Also make sure that anyone who prepare or works with food has had food hygiene training. 4.2I start by wetting my hands, if my hands are particularly soiled I will apply an appropriate specialist hand cleanser directly to the skin before wetting. I then will apply soap to my hands. Then clean my hands in the following stages. Rub hands palm to palm, rub palm over back of hand fingers interlaced on each hand, Palm to palm fingers interlaced, Fingers interlocked into palms, Rotational rubbing of thumb clasped into palm, Rotational rubbing of clasp ed fingers into palm. I then make sure my hands are thoroughly dried with clean paper towels. 4.3I ensure that I don’t pose a risk to others with my own health and hygiene by making sure that I am healthy enough to complete any task I undertaker safely. I also make sure that I wash my hands before preparing food and before and after helping a service user with self-care. I will also make sure I wear the correct clothing when performing these actions. I will covering my hand when coughing and use tissues when I sneezing or wash my hands if a tissue isn’t to hand. I will also stay out of work when ill to avoid spreading any infections. 5.12. Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR) (as  amended 2002) The main points of The Manual handling Operations Regulations 1992 are as follows to reduce the risk of injury as far as is reasonably practicable, avoid hazardous manual handling operations so far as is reasonably practicable, assess any hazardous manual handling operations that cannot be avoided. The primary objective of PUWER 98 is to ensure that work e quipment should not result in health and safety risks, regardless of its age, condition or origin. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) requires that all equipment used for lifting is fit for purpose, appropriate for the task, suitably marked and, in many cases, subject to statutory periodic ‘thorough examination’. Records must be kept of all thorough examinations and any defects found must be reported to both the person responsible for the equipment and the relevant enforcing authority. 5.2There are four main principles to keep in mind when moving and handling. It is important to keep your spine in line, maintaining a natural posture. Adopt a comfortable wide stance to give a stable base. Keep the load close to your vertical centre of gravity. Finally use the large legs and buttock muscles to lift during any manual lifting activity. The acronym TILE is also helpful. This is Task, Individual, Load and Environment. 5.3I move and handle objects safely by following the principles and ensuring the load is not too heavy, that the route is clear, I hold it close to me with a straight back and bent legs. If a load is too heavy for me to move by myself I will seek help and work with another colleague to move the object. 6.1There are a number of substances that are hazardous to health that can be found in a health and social care environment. These can include cleaning products such as bleach or chorine that such be clearly labelled and stored away safely. Other hazardous substances could include human waste. Food that is past its best before date or stored incorrectly could be classed as hazardous. Other could be found as part of the building such as asbestos. 6.2When I store hazardous substances such as bleach and chlorine tablets I make sure I follow COSHH regulations and store the said chemicals in the designated area. I will wear rubber gloves when I handle any hazardous substances, an example would be when using chlorine tablets and placing them in to a mop bucket. An example of when I disposal of hazardous substances at work would be when I take out used wipes and pads. I will place these in a bag using gloves then seal the  bag and take them to a yellow bin and then dispose of the gloves in the bin aswell. 7.1Practices to prevent fires starting include switching off any electrical equipment that is not in use. Any cooking is monitored and not left unattended. To prevent the spread of fire there are fire doors which should remain closed when not being used and never wedged open. 7.2I prevent fire from starting by making sure that when not in use electrical items are tur n off. I will also make sure that there aren’t lots of in extensions socks on a mains plug socket. When cooking I will not leave the area unattended to monitor the food and prevent burning and a possible fire hazard. I will also make sure the hob is clean and the surrounding area is clear of obstructions. Also I will make sure the area not rags above sources of heat and remove and rags if so. Also avoid over filling dryers and clean out lint catcher regularly. 7.3When a fire is discovered the alarm should be raised then everyone should be evacuated from the building and make their way through the nearest fire exit to the designated fire assemble point. The emergency services should be alerted and the on call team notified. A register should be taken to make sure everyone who was in the building at the time is accounted for. 7.4I make sure when moving items around the property that they don’t obstruct evacuation routes. When I find routes are blocked I will remove the obstructions or ask someone else to do so and make sure the route is clear and save to use. I also check that the doors are functioning correctly and can be opened with easy. 8.1When I person I do not know wishes to enter the property I will ask for the names and the propose of their visit. I will then ask to see some form of identity, if I am satisfied I will grant them entry and ask the person to enter their details in to the visitors sign in book. Any person who wishes to access information will again ask them for their names and the reason they wish to have the information. After seeing some identification I will gain them access. If I were to have any doubts on either of the above I would seek help form a senior team member. 8.2To protect my own security and the security of others I would alert people if there are unknown people on the property grounds and ask said person to provide identification. I would also make sure that dangerous items such as knifes and scissors are all accounted for and stored away safely. 8.3When talking about staff or visitors to the premise it is important that they aware of the own whereabouts so that  hazardous can be pointed out and avoid. Also they can also be made aware of the nearest fire exits in case of emergency. For service users it is important that they are made aware of the environment they are in, such as a kitchen or by a road side so staff can help them manage the risks of being in the environment. 9.1Common signs of stress can include symptoms such as headaches, trouble sleeping such as irregular sleeping patterns, muscle pains and a reduced concentration span. 9.2Signs of stress in myself would include trouble sleeping, smoking and trouble being patient with people. 9.3Factors that trigger stress for me are missing deadlines, not taking enough time to relax and being uncertain about my job security. 9.4 There are many strategies for people to manage their stress. Eating and drinking can help, a healthy diet and avoiding drinking too much caffeine or alcohol can help people deal with stress. Another way to help reduce stress is to get 6 to 8 hours sleep each day. Exercise has also been link to reducing stress, breathing exercises can help people who are stress. Each of these has there pro’s and con’s. Some while getting enough sleep can help reduce stress, stress can cause people to have trouble getting to sleep. Eating healthy is a good way to feel good which can help. Exercise can work well but people may not be able to find time to do it. Breathing exercises can be helpful and could be done anywhere and don’t take much time to perform.

Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Effects of Day Care on Social Development

Belsky and Rovine (1988) conducted a study in order to assess attachment using the strange situation technique. They observed infants who had been receiving 20 hours or more of day care per week before the age of 1. Their findings suggested that, in comparison to children at home, these children were more often insecurely attached. With insecure attachments being associated with poorer social relationships this may be considered a negative effect of day care. The NICHD started a longitudinal study in 1991 to study many aspects of child development. Similarly the NICHD study found that children who were in day care for more than 30 hours a week were 3 times more likely to show behaviour problems when they went to school. By comparing the two studies we can see that the amount of time spent in day care plays an important role in whether or not children showed negative effects. However Violata and Russell’s meta-analysis showed that when time spent in day care exceeds 20 hours a week negative effects become apparent however the NICHD study found this time to be 30 hours therefore the results are contradictory and inconsistent. The EPPE study was a large scale, longitudinal study of the progress and development of 3,000 children in various types of pre-school education across the UK. The results of the EPPE study found that high levels of day care, particularly nursery care in the first 2 years, may elevate the risk of developing anti-social behaviour. To some degree the EPPE study supports the findings of Belsky and Rovine’s study as both found that the age of the child when placed in day care contributed to whether or not it was perceived to have negative implications. However the two studies can only be looked at comparatively to a certain extent as Belsky and Rovine’s study assessed infants under the age of 1 whereas the EPPE study assessed children up to the age of 7. Clarke-Steward et al studied 150 children and found that those who were in day care were consistently more advanced in their social development than children who stayed home with mothers, enabling them to better deal with peer relationships. Likewise, the EPPE study found increased independence and sociability in the children who attended day care. Field (1991) found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children has once they went to school. However, although these findings suggest that full-time day care had positive effects on the child, the results clash with studies conducted by Belsky and Rovine. This may be due to individual differences of the children assessed in both studies, for example shy children may have appeared insecure when assessed using the strange situation technique by Belsky and Rovine. Moreover the positive correlation shown in Field’s study cannot accurately be used as grounds to state that full-time day care causes children to be more popular as correlation is not causation.

Birmingham Letter Illusions

Letter from Birmingham Jail Allusions in Section 3 Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail is one of the most well known documents in American history. King’s profound ability to articulate important ideas, values, concepts and Biblical perspectives made for some of the most powerful and inspirational pieces of American literature ever produced. One technique that King used in his public speeches and letters was his allusions to historical figures, the Bible and opposing congressmen. During the 60’s when cultural prejudice still held strong roots in Congress, it was King’s talent to inspire the public that revolutionized America’s racial injustices. King’s frequent use of allusions in his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail proved his intelligence and greatly attributed to his success and popularity during the 1960’s. His allusions demonstrated his referential capabilities while also making his messages readily relatable to the public. It was often said that it was not King’s intelligence that made him seem so acumen, but that he was â€Å"well read†(knew much from reading). His frequent allusions to major documents and famous statements in contest to his adversaries ultimately lead to his dominance in public speech. In the paragraphs 12 through 14 when king references the election of mayor Albert Boutwell, he states, â€Å"We are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor will bring the millennium to Birmingham† in paragraph twelve. The millennium is an allusion to a specific verse from the Bible’s book of Revelation interpreted as the 1,000 years in which Jesus comes back to earth to restore peace. He made many correlations to the Bible and major public documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights to make his arguments accurate and mainly understandable by restating vital rules and quotes that even the illiterate could comprehend. In these paragraphs he quoted the Bible by using phrases like â€Å"moral light, â€Å"abyss of despair† and â€Å" unjust posture. † King used the word â€Å"wait† in this section of the letter multiple times as a allusion to the current denial of rights to African Americans that had been going on for the last 340 years. He also stated that â€Å"justice too long delayed is justice denied† in correlation to the current racial dilemma in America at the time. All of these direct references made for some of the most significant and powerful American literature ever created and made Martin Luther King one of the most successful authors in this period of civil revolution. By reinforcing his argument with allusions that the public could relate to, King was able to greatly impact the civil rights movement of the 1960’s and ultimately bring around the social turning point of the century that provided racial equality to all and smother prejudice in America thereafter.

Discuss a specific aspect of two essays that had an impact on you Assignment

Discuss a specific aspect of two essays that had an impact on you - Assignment Example This expresses the form of lying to oneself in the sense that individuals tag along with what people think is right yet deep inside they have a different view. Ericsson encourages individuals need to stand for something or fall for anything. This phrase does describe the image presented by group thinking individuals fall for the mindset presented by a group blocking individual ideas. Ericsson explains that this form of lying combines other forms of lying such as ignoring facts omissions denial and selective memory (Ericsson, 2005). The essay salvation introduces us to a 13-year-old boy. The Christian description of salvation as presented by the boys’ aunt gives the boy the idea of what to expect in his salvation process (Hughes, 2003). The boy believes in this definition that he struggles in his process of finding salvation. The boy does not get the chance to find his own meaning of salvation he sticks to the definition, and experience presented by other people (Hughes, 2003). He lies about being saved to make his aunt and happy, but he is haunted deeply by this act. Lying does have consequences many times we lie and feel guilty. At some point, we have participated in-group thinking and most times we end up regretting actions done because of doing what other people suggest. It is true to say that lying does lead to