Extinction On Dinosaurs :: essays research papers

Theories of the Extinctions of the DionsaursDinosaurs became extincted 65 one thousand million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, something so devastating that it altered the course of bread and just nowter on earth. It seems like it happened so sudden, as geologic time goes, that almost all the dinosaurs living on earth disappeared. So how did these dominant creatures just collapse off? Was it a slow experimental extinction, or did it happen all of the sudden? These questions bring rise to many different beliefs on how the dinosaur disappeared over 65 million years ago.Extinction is when the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate, it is called extinction. But, the definition does not answer the question about the nature or causes of extinction. Paleontologists broadly divide extinctions into two types, for that of different causes arose. The first is called background extinctions, isolated extinctions of species due to a variety of causes. Included is ou t competition, depletion of resources in a habitat, changes in climate, the victimisation or destruction of a mountain range, river channel migration, the eruption of a volcano, the drying of a lake, or the destruction of a forest, grassland, or wetland habitat. The second type of extinction is called mass extinctions. Large numbers of species go extinct many types of species go extinct the effects must be global, and the effects must occur in a geologically short period of time.1 The dinosaur could not imbibe lived for ever. No creatures, no plants, no tiny bacteria are forever, not even human race sapiens. Extinction is the fate of all species. One theory on how the dinosaurs became extinct is that of carbon dioxide, and the greenhouse effect. Volcanoes produced the proposed conditions. A massive volcanic eruption could have alter the atmosphere with carbon dioxide so that it caused a sharp rise in temperatures worldwide. The excessive carbon dioxide would have permitted solar energy to enter the atmosphere but would have blocked the radiation of most surface heat back out into space, therefore causing the greenhouse effect. Rising temperatures could have killed off or reduced the activity of plankton, disrupting food chains and also messing up the planktons normal role in converting carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis. From there it would not have been long for all the dinosaurs to have been suffering, and then to become extinct. My theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs is the theory of the comet

Raising Children in Live, Love and Dance by D.H. Lawrence :: essays research papers

People make the statement that they are living life to the fullest but what do they really mean? D.H. Lawrence states that life is magnificent during the present and now. He also infers that our flesh is ours but not forever and we should enjoy it with emotional and spiritual ecstasy. While all of this is true, unity should take responsibilities very disadvantageously in rearing children, tend to their physical state to insure health and still take time to stop and smell the flowers.Although child rearing foot bring about a dance it also requires serious responsibility. Most children will move and wiggle to any rhythm. They live for a pattern and delectation and it is the parents duty to give them both. Kids of all ages need guidance of a parent for school studies, relationships and the ways of the demesne. At the same time a parent is fulfilling their obligations they must take time to play dress up, throw the baseball, bake cookies and enjoy the time they have with the ir children. Just as nature grows so do children and in a flash they are ready to leave the nest to embark on their own lives.In addition to rearing responsibilities unmatched should care for their physical being also. Mr. Lawrence voices that our flesh is ours but only for a time and he is correct. Humans are not immortal and just as a flower wilts and dies so do they. Many people invest in money, property and items of monetary value when they should invest in their bodies. Protecting the pelt from the sun, not smoking, not drinking and eating properly are all ways of extending the physical well being of ones life. After all, a dance is not as sweet and taking pleasure in the world is not as fulfilling if sickness interferes.In addition to health, children and all the hurly burlys in life it is important to sit back and take in ones surroundings. People in todays world live for their employment and never take in the natural beauties that surround them. Pondering on the wo nders of the world such as the beautiful sun that rises and sets softens the soul. Enjoying a long walk on the beach with a gentle breeze crossing a cheek and the soft touch of the sand on ones feet should be a mandatory requirement of life.

The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz :: essays research papers

The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitzby Mordecai RichlerIn the novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler punishesDuddy for his wrongs against others in several ways. each(prenominal) punishment fits thecrime, and there is an chaff ab tabu each one. The common chord punishments inflicted onDuddy at the end of the novel are the loss of Simchas love, the loss of hisfriends, and the absence of whatever funds to build on his property.The loss of Simchas love is a devastating blow for Duddy. This is evidentwhen Duddy confronts Yvette and asks her, Why did you go to my grandad? Ofall the people in the world, hes the notwithstanding one (Richler, 1959, 313). Duddy dideverything he could to get this land because his grandfather said that A manwithout land is nobody. Duddy, in his own mind, did it all for Simcha, to earnhis love and prize and in the end, he had neither. The loss of Simchas lovedid not rule for nothing. It happened because of the way in which Duddy ha dgone about acquiring his land. Yvette told Simcha, and Simcha did not approve.He was, in fact, exceedingly disappointed with Duddy. His disappointment is shownwhen he tells Duddy,I can devour what you have planned for me, Duddel. Youll be good to me.Youd give me everything I wanted. and that would settle your conscience whenyou went out to swindle others. (Richler 1959, 312)The betrayal of Yvette, her speaking to Simcha, and the loss of hers andVirgils friendships also punishes Duddy. They are the only two people in theworld who ever loved him for himself, and didnt want anything simply his love inreturn. In the loss of their friendships, Duddy is being penalize for hisrotten treatment of other people, even his only friends. Duddy may not even whop what he has lost, but he will one day, when he misses having someone toshare his accomplishments and failures with, like he has had up until now.The loss of things human is not the only punishment inflicted on Duddy. Healso ends up w ithout notes left to build anything on the land he has purchased.This is punishment for all the low down, underhanded things he had to do to getthe money to buy the land. The irony of this is after doing everythingimaginable to get his money, such as attempted blackmail, selling his uncleThe Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz essays research papers The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitzby Mordecai RichlerIn the novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler punishesDuddy for his wrongs against others in several ways. Each punishment fits thecrime, and there is an irony about each one. The three punishments inflicted onDuddy at the end of the novel are the loss of Simchas love, the loss of hisfriends, and the absence of any funds to build on his property.The loss of Simchas love is a devastating blow for Duddy. This is evidentwhen Duddy confronts Yvette and asks her, Why did you go to my grandfather? Ofall the people in the world, hes the only one (Richler, 1959, 313). D uddy dideverything he could to get this land because his grandfather said that A manwithout land is nobody. Duddy, in his own mind, did it all for Simcha, to earnhis love and respect and in the end, he had neither. The loss of Simchas lovedid not happen for nothing. It happened because of the way in which Duddy hadgone about acquiring his land. Yvette told Simcha, and Simcha did not approve.He was, in fact, extremely disappointed with Duddy. His disappointment is shownwhen he tells Duddy,I can see what you have planned for me, Duddel. Youll be good to me.Youd give me everything I wanted. and that would settle your conscience whenyou went out to swindle others. (Richler 1959, 312)The betrayal of Yvette, her speaking to Simcha, and the loss of hers andVirgils friendships also punishes Duddy. They are the only two people in theworld who ever loved him for himself, and didnt want anything but his love inreturn. In the loss of their friendships, Duddy is being punished for hisrotten trea tment of other people, even his only friends. Duddy may not evenknow what he has lost, but he will one day, when he misses having someone toshare his accomplishments and failures with, like he has had up until now.The loss of things human is not the only punishment inflicted on Duddy. Healso ends up without money left to build anything on the land he has purchased.This is punishment for all the low down, underhanded things he had to do to getthe money to buy the land. The irony of this is after doing everythingimaginable to get his money, such as attempted blackmail, selling his uncle

The I&M Canal :: American America History

The I&M television channelDidnt expect no town -Early Chicago Settler Mark Beaubien The I&M Canal is universally considered the driving force behind the enormous surge of growth that turned the tiny hamlet on the banks of Lake Michigan named Chicago, in to a huge metropolis and bustling center of trade. Ever since Joliet first crossed the portage surrounded by the Chicago river and the Des Plaines river in 1673, explorers, investors, politicians, and farmers alike all agreed that constructing a canalise across the continental divide that separated the two largest water systems in the United States would not only create a continuous waterway between New York and New Orleans but more importantly, place Chicago on perhaps the most valuable piece of real estate in North America and in the position to become an international player almost overnight. The plans to build the Illinois & Michigan canal began in the newly christened Illinois legislature in 1818. It was driven forward by gro undbreaking on work to construct the Erie Canal in New York. Once the Erie Canal was complete only a canal between the Des Plaines and Chicago rivers would be necessary to complete the chain of waterways connecting New York to New Orleans. In 1822, Congress ceded to Illinois a large piece of add of land on which to not only build the canal, but to sell to raise funds for its construction. The land contained the portage between the two rivers and about 100 miles of land to the south and west of it. It had just recently been coercively and dishonestly purchased from the local Blackhawk Indians in a treaty that ended the Blackhawk War. As soon as the Erie Canal was immaculate in 1825, eastern investors quickly realized Chicagos huge potential. The land around what would one day be the canal soon became heavily coveted by land speculators. They envisioned a huge city rising around this soon-to-be hub of international trade. Pieces of land offered by the state were bought dirt cheap a nd sold for legion(predicate) times their original value as investors braced for what they hoped would be a huge windfall after the canal was completed. Many men made fortunes that would ratiocination them a lifetime in a matter of months by buying land from the state and then reselling it months and sometimes weeks or days later for up too 5000% profit. After years of planning, ground was broke for the first time on the Illinois & Michigan canal in 1836.

Charlotte Brontes Jane eyre and Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Essay exa

Charlotte Brontes Jane eyre and Jean Rhys astray sargasso oceanThe Sargasso Sea is a relatively still sea, trickery within the south-west z iodin of the North Atlantic Ocean, at the centre of a swirl of warm ocean currents. Metaphorically, for Jean Rhys, it representedan area of calm, within the wide division between England and the wolfram Indies. Within such an area, a sense of stability, permanence and identity may be attained, despite the powerful, whirling currentswhich duck it. But outside of this ?sea?, one may be destabilised, drawn away by these outside forces, into the vast expanse of ?ocean? between the West Indies and Europe. Outside of these metaphorical and geographical oceanic areas, one may become the victim of these currents, subject to their vagaries and fluctuations, no longer able to personally define, with any certainty, where one isculturally or geographically patch upd. For Jean Rhys, Jane Eyre depicted representations of a Creole woman and West Indian hi story which she knew to be inaccurate. ?Bertha Mason is mad and she came from a mad family idiots and maniacs through three generations. Her mother, the Creole, was both a madwoman and a drunkard? She is further described as having a ?discoloured pose?, ?a savage face? with ?fearful blackenedinflation? of the features, ?the lips were swelled and dark? described as a demon, witch, vampire, beast and hyena1. But nowhere in the novel does Bronte allow ?the madwoman in the attic? to read avoice, to explain what may have caused her madness. Rhys says ?The mad wife in Jane Eyre always interested me. I was convinced that Charlotte Bronte must have had something against the WestIndies and I was angry about it. Otherwise, why did she take a West Indian for that horrible lunatic, for that really dreadful creature2 So in Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys rewrites Bronte?s canonical text according to her own, personal experiences, as both a white West Indian and a woman.But, giving Antoinette a voice, she exposes truth behind madness The history of the land in which she lived, and the role of the woman in it, was a tale of Victorian, aged values and colonial developing polarised ideology, division and confrontation in racial, cultural, sexual and historical issues. In a literary sense, Antoinette?s voice, once heard, would not only offer mitigating reasons for her madness... ...tim of Victorian patriarchal colonialism she sought to give her a voice. In giving her a voice, she also revisits her own childhood and life experiences, giving herself the chance to be heard To locate herself, emotionally, culturally and in literary terms, within the many binary oppositions in the book. To find a stable and secure place like the Wide Sargasso Sea. Works CitedANGIER, Carole Jean Rhys London, Penguin, 1992.BAER, Elizabeth. R ?The Sisterhood of Jane Eyre and Antoinette Cosway?, in Elizabeth Abel, Marianne Hirsch and Elizabeth Langland, eds The Voyage In Fictions of Female Development Londo n, University Press of New England, 1983, pp.131-149.BOUMELHA, Penny ?Jane Eyre, Jamaica and the Gentleman?s House?, Southern Review, 21 July 1988. BRONTE, Charlotte Jane Eyre Middlesex, Penguin, 1994.ERWIN, Lee ?Like a Looking Glass? History and Narrative in Wide Sargasso Sea in Novel, Winter 1989 HAVELY, Cicely Palser Wide Sargasso Sea Real and Imagined Islands BBC TV, 1998.NEWMAN, Julie ?I Walked With a Zombie?, in The Ballistic Bard Postcolonial Fictions London, Arnold, 1995. RHYS, Jean Wide Sargasso Sea London Penguin, 1997.

Charlotte Brontes Jane eyre and Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Essay exa

Charlotte Brontes Jane eyre and blue jean Rhys all-inclusive Sargasso SeaThe Sargasso Sea is a relatively still sea, lying within the south-west zone of the North Atlantic Ocean, at the centre of a swirl of warm ocean currents. Metaphorically, for dungaree Rhys, it representedan area of calm, within the wide division between England and the West Indies. Within such an area, a sense of stability, permanence and identity may be attained, despite the powerful, whirling currentswhich surround it. But outside of this ?sea?, one may be destabilised, drawn away by these outside forces, into the vast sweep of ?ocean? between the West Indies and Europe. Outside of these metaphorical and geographical oceanic areas, one may become the victim of these currents, subject to their vagaries and fluctuations, no longer fitted to personally define, with any certainty, where one isculturally or geographically located. For Jean Rhys, Jane Eyre depicted representations of a Creole woman and West Ind ian history which she knew to be inaccurate. ?Bertha Mason is mad and she came from a mad family idiots and maniacs through three generations. Her mother, the Creole, was both a madwoman and a drunkard? She is further described as having a ?discoloured guinea pig?, ?a savage face? with ?fearful blackenedinflation? of the features, ?the lips were swelled and dark? described as a demon, witch, vampire, beast and hyena1. But nowhere in the novel does Bronte allow ?the madwoman in the attic? to have avoice, to explain what may have caused her madness. Rhys says ?The mad wife in Jane Eyre always interested me. I was convinced that Charlotte Bronte must have had something against the WestIndies and I was angry about it. Otherwise, why did she take a West Indian for that horrible lunatic, for that really horrific creature2 So in Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys rewrites Bronte?s canonical text according to her own, personal experiences, as both a white West Indian and a woman.But, giving Antoinet te a voice, she exposes truth behind madness The history of the land in which she lived, and the role of the woman in it, was a tale of Victorian, patriarchic values and colonialexploitation polarised ideology, division and confrontation in racial, cultural, sexual and historical issues. In a literary sense, Antoinette?s voice, once heard, would not all offer mitigating reasons for her madness... ...tim of Victorian patriarchal colonialism she sought to give her a voice. In giving her a voice, she also revisits her own childhood and life experiences, giving herself the take chances to be heard To locate herself, emotionally, culturally and in literary terms, within the many binary oppositions in the book. To find a stable and secure flummox like the Wide Sargasso Sea. Works CitedANGIER, Carole Jean Rhys London, Penguin, 1992.BAER, Elizabeth. R ?The Sisterhood of Jane Eyre and Antoinette Cosway?, in Elizabeth Abel, Marianne Hirsch and Elizabeth Langland, eds The Voyage In Fictio ns of Female Development London, University Press of new England, 1983, pp.131-149.BOUMELHA, Penny ?Jane Eyre, Jamaica and the Gentleman?s House?, Southern Review, 21 July 1988. BRONTE, Charlotte Jane Eyre Middlesex, Penguin, 1994.ERWIN, Lee ?Like a Looking Glass? History and Narrative in Wide Sargasso Sea in Novel, Winter 1989 HAVELY, Cicely Palser Wide Sargasso Sea Real and Imagined Islands BBC TV, 1998.NEWMAN, Julie ?I Walked With a Zombie?, in The Ballistic Bard Postcolonial Fictions London, Arnold, 1995. RHYS, Jean Wide Sargasso Sea London Penguin, 1997.

Assignment Title Self-discipline Essay

Demonstrate self-possession through relevant activities M2 Perform relevant activities with a high standard of self-discipline D2 Evaluate personal levels of self-discipline for entry to the provide public services I personally believe that I as an individual posses many skills and qualities that depict my self-discipline. Self-discipline is another form of discipline and an essential quality for a particle of any service. Self-discipline can be defined as the efficacy to apply yourself in the correct manner, including controlling yourself and your feelings. Toappreciate the qualities needed for self-discipline fully, you need to understand the following things personal grooming and presentationpunctuality judgment of conviction managementreliabilityattendancecomposureattitudeperformancepersonalityIf you lack any of the qualities that make up the key areas of self-discipline then more(prenominal) likely than not, you depart not be qualified to succeed at your job. For examp le, poor attendance could mean that you are not fully informed of all-important(prenominal) issues at briefings, which will mean that your team cannot rely on you to respond to certain situations correctly. Over the time I have spent at college I believe that I have successfully achieved some, if not all, of the points listed above.Personal Grooming and presentationIn the uniformed public services, where members of the public may be sounding to you for help or guidance, it is particularly important that you are of smart appearance. People form impressions and opinions about us from the way we appear to them, so if you want to form the right impression it is important that you are correctly presented. I have shown great examples of personal grooming and presentation by arriving at college (with 100% attendance) in my uniform, with polished boots and well ironed uniform.PunctualityIn order to run efficiently and effectively, organisations have to be keep to tight schedules and this substance being governed by time. In the public services punctuality is vital so that, at any time, someone can say where, when and how many people are on duty. At the beginning of a shift, public service personnel are briefed about any major issues that may have been arisen, for example, police officers would be unploughed updated about a missingchild. If you are late for a shift and miss the briefing, then you are preventing that organisation from operating at its full efficiency. clock time ManagementGood time management skills are very useful skills to have. Someone who manages their time well can be far more prolific than someone who may appear to be very busy, but who is, in fact, not being very productive at all. Often, there is not passable time to do all the work that needs to be completed by specific deadlines. This theoretically means that employees need to prioritise their work. To prioritise means to sort out which tasks are the most urgent and need to be completed first. People can be easily distracted and lose parsimony rather speedily when tasks have to be completed, therefore, it requires a high level of self-discipline to keep on track and stay dedicated.ReliabilityIn the uniformed public services reliability is an essential quality to posses. Being reliable means doing what you have agreed to do, therefore not letting people down. This is passing important in the public services, where good teamwork is essential and team members need to be able to rely on each other.AttendanceAll employers, twain in the public services and in the private sector, expect their employees to attend work regularly. Poor attenders can be expected to be disciplined or even dismissed. This is because work rotas are planned around the number of people who will be available, and this cannot work if people do not turn up. No team or organisation can operate effectively in this way.ComposureIf a person is described as being composed, it means that they ride ou t calm, even in stressful situations or times of crisis. This can be extremely important members of the uniformed public services who need to think quickly and clearly at such times.AttitudeHaving the right attitude can be very important when you have to attend a jobinterview. uniformed public service employers will be looking for someone who shows that they are enthusiastic without being overbearing, confident without being cocky and who are polite and courteous, not aggressive or stroppy. Having a good attitude can be equally important when you are employed as a member of the uniformed services. You will need to be able to listen to members of the public and to empathise with them without letting your own attitude and feelings come to the for front.PerformanceConscientious employees will carry out their job to the best of their ability. Public service workers will always be expected to provide a first-class service and to seduce the public good value for money. You will find tha t if your self-discipline is at a high enough standard then you will be able to do this without someone having to watch over you.PersonalityWhen personality is talked about in the uniformed public services, it means they are talking about the distinctive, unique(p) qualities that make members of a service stand out from others. When you are seen in a uniform people assume that you dont have a personality. This is definitely not the case. Your personality can make a huge difference to your role within the public services it can make you favourite colleague to work with it can ease relations with the public both at home and abroad.

Challenge the Power of Government Essay

The network has recently become the object of detailed research. This research is being conducted in numerous areas of science, including government. The claims that Internet threatens the supply of government are becoming as well as frequent to ignore them this is why it will be interesting to voice communication these edits once again, and to objectively evaluate whether such claims have either(prenominal) grounds. Thesis tilt the originator of the Internet does not challenge the prop whiznt of government, exclusively on the contrary, bring to passs favorable conditions for promoting the governmental policies and political positions.The question of the Internet antecedent and its possible impact on the power of physical governments is directly connected with the definition of Internet, its stream functions, development, and opportunities which it provides to its users. The direct connection of Internet and globalization processes is viewed as the major challenge to the power of governments all over the world. This political position may seem correct and grounded at first glance. Going deeper into the issue, one will bugger off certain misunderstandings and misconceptions, which relate to what real role Internet plays today.Lessig (2000) writes about Internet as the structure of norms, the power of which can be strengthened or disenable by its users. He emphasizes the fact that Cyberspace is an architecture first. It is a platform that gets designed. It is constituted by a set of code by software and ironware that makes cyberspace as it is (Lessig 4). First, if the Cyberspace is a mere architecture, governed by the software and hardware, why do politicians raise the issue of Internet gainsay the power of governments? It is precisely possible to imagine, that any hardware could challenge the power of any government in the world.Simultaneously, if the issue is relevant, the Internet cannot be called mere architecture (Lessig 4). It means t hat the current state of the Internet is something more than architecture. Possibly, it is the set of communicational, social, and other norms which allow the Internet users impact (or not impact) the power of government and other political structures. Thus, Lessigs statement contradicts itself but deserves attention within the framework of the current discussion. Farrel (2006) discussed the issues of the Internet political impact in connection with the globalization processes.Globalization, and in particular the rapid outgrowth in the flows of financial resources and information across the borders, has important consequences both for policy interdependence and for the role of the state (p. 354). While did the dissemination of cross-borders in the Cyberspace top off to the un subordinationled spreading of gambling, pornography, extremist political material, about which Farrell wrote, and how did this relate to the power of government? If the dissemination of cross-borders in the C yberspace has become uncontrollable, does it mean that government is too weak to invent effective measures of such control?I would assume that the physical weakness of state governments and state policies to put the Cyberspace under control is more relevant in this discussion there is no challenge to the power of government. Moreover, it is only partially a challenge to governments power those who view the Internet as the challenge to the political power of the government tend to admit its weakness. However, the situation is better to be described as follows the power of the Cyberspace pass waters new conditions for the world governments to exercise their power and to invent new instruments of power.The only problem is that governments do not yet understand, how the Cyberspace issues should be addressed, but hopefully, it is the matter of time. The challenge, about which cyber libertarians tend to speak, should not be addressed as the striving to neutralize the power of government. This challenge should be equaled to the opportunity, which government should properly address in order to retain its power and to spread its control onto the Cyberspace, too. The Internet has initially been designed as a technology that would be resistant to centralized control (Boas 8).The absence of the centralized control was always connected with the already mentioned dissemination of the cross-borders in the Cyberspace (Farrell 354). This is why cyber libertarians try to convince the public that the Internet challenges the power of government. Lets view the issue through a different prism. In our transnationally linked and globally integrated world, both borders, and the attendant subtile distinction between the domestic and the foreign, are again losing meaning. In an interdependent global economy, basic issues such as unemployment and income inequality are no long-term domestic problems subject to domestic solutions.Once more, it is cold from clear, who is independent an d who is not (Kobrin 10). The argument to which cyber libertarians relate in their argument is rather weak in the light-headed of the numerous international agreements, which regulate the globalization processes in the physical world. The bright examples of the international agreements (the GATT, the WTO, and the EU) create favorable conditions to assume that the Cyberspace can also be subjected to such agreements and regulations, if properly addressed by governments and other international organizations.Obviously, there is no challenge to the power of government but again, it is the vast area of opportunities to create a powerful set of political and legal norms to control the Cyberspace users behavior. The issue of territory and the elimination of geographical borders in the Internet can slowly be compromised by the creation of international agreements and regulatory bodies. Such step will only prove the power of international governments. Stating that the Internet challenges th e power of the judicature is rather weak due to the inherent ambiguity of the power in general (Kobrin 15).In order to speak how and why the Cyberspace challenges the power of government, one should primarily determine what he (she) means under the word power does it imply the possibility to tax the operations taking place within the e-commerce space, or the possibility to regulate and control the spreading of the extremist political information in the Cyberspace? The Ukraine experience demonstrates that, under certain circumstances, online activists can affect politics in regimes where there us no thriving independent media sector.For starters, activist websites can become an alternative source of news and commentary in countries where conventional media are under state control. (Drezner 3) Evidently, the discussion of the Internet creating challenges to the power of government can be held only within the environment, where the public trusts the blogs more than it trusts its ho ld government. The political events in Ukraine, Georgia and other countries are the evidence of the governments weakness and public mistrust.In these conditions not only the Internet, but any other instrument may serve the means of changing the political regime or challenging the governments power. The Internet in these states challenges the power of the government due to the fact, that the government itself is incapable of governing numerous issues in the nations civil reality. The Cyberspace is viewed as the attempt to change the brisk social conditions, but again, challenging the power which does not exist or is underdeveloped in the state is hardly possible.In the developed states, the self-regulation of the Cyberspace is far from being a challenge to the power of government. On the contrary, it is the means of aligning the needs and goals of the nation with its technological advancement. It has been mentioned, that the Internet is the vast area of opportunities for the nationa l governments to create a set of norms and regulations, similar to the WTO and the GATT in the physical world.It is difficult not to agree to Farrell, that private actors are increasingly serving the channels of influence, or the proxies for states. In other words, private actors are not creating self-regulatory realms that are outside the reach of states. Instead, they are increasingly coming to serve as vectors of state influence (p. 16). In the countries, where the power of government is sufficient for the public to trust it and to respect it, the Internet cannot but serve the means of promoting the state political, social, cultural and economic positions.Moreover, the level of self-regulation in these states is surprisingly aligned with the high degree of governmental control towards the Cyberspace users behavior. The U. S. policy was initially aimed at providing the Internet users with the opportunities for self-regulation. This opportunity was never anticipated to challenge an y state authority and was a purposeful step of the governmental structures. When the governmental authority is supposed to be challenged by the Cyberspace, such claims are at least misleading.As long as they are connected with the self-regulation of the Internet, they are easily denied the self-regulation of the Cyberspace is gradually disappearing and is being replaced by the limits both popular and non-democratic governments set onto the private actors and the objects they try to access (Farrell 16). This is why, the current political conditions and the current (surely, powerful) position of the Internet does not allow stating that the Cyberspace challenges the power of government.Conclusion The issue of the Cyberspace challenging the power of the judicature should be objectively considered. At first glance, these claims may seem relevant, but obviously, the Cyberspace cannot challenge the power of Government for the following reasons 1. In powerful developed democratic societies the Government possesses efficient methods of regulating the Cyberspace individuals the Internet is viewed as the means of promoting the influence of the Government, and not challenging it. 2.In underdeveloped and young states the Internet seems to challenge the centralized power, when population views it as an alternative and more reliable source of information. However, such situation is the deduction of the governments weakness and the underdevelopment of the state power as such definitely, the Internet cannot challenge something that does not exist or is at the initial point of its development. Works cited Boas, T. C. Weaving the Authoritarian Web The Control of Internet Use in Non-Democratic Regimes. University of California, Berkeley, 2005.Drezner, D. W. Weighing the Scales the Internets Effect on State-Society Relations. University of Chicago, 2005. Farrell, H. Regulating nurture Flows States, Private Actors, and E-Commerce. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 9 (2006) 353-74. Farrel, H. The Political Economy of the Internet and E-Commerce. Draft Book Chapter. Kobrin, S. J. Neomedivalism and the Postmodern Digital World Economy. The Journal of International Affairs, Spring (1998) 361-86. Lessig, L. Architecting for Control. yack Given at the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna, AS, 2000.

Objectives of Wpm

Objectives According to Gosep, fashioners mesh whitethorn be viewed as o An puppet for increasing the efficiency of enterprises and establishing harmonious dealing o A device for developing social education for promoting solidarity among workers and for tapping human talents o A means for achieving industrial peace and harmony which leads to higher productiveness and increased production o A humanitarian act, elevating the status of a worker in the society o An ideological way of developing self- trouble and promoting industrial democracy. Other objectives of words per minute prat be cited as To improve the quality of working life (QWL) by allowing the workers greater influence and involvement in work and satisfaction obtained from work and o To honorable the mutual co-operation of employees and employers in achieving industrial peace greater efficiency and productivity in the interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the nation. The main implications of wor kers participation in management as summarized by ILO o Workers have ideas which can be useful o Workers may work more than intelligently if they argon informed about the reasons for and the intention of decisions that ar taken in a participative atmosphere.Introduction Three groups of managerial decisions affect the workers of either industrial establishment and hence the workers must have a say in it. o Economic decisions methods of manufacturing, automation, shutdown, lay-offs, mergers. o Personnel decisions recruitment and s chooseion, promotions, demotions, transfers, grievance settlement, work distribution. o Social decisions hours of work, welfare measures, questions touching work rules and conduct of individual workers safety, health, sanitation and noise control. conjunction basically means sharing the decision-making berth with the lower ranks of the organization in an attach manner. Definitions The concept of WPM is a broad and complex one. Depending on the so cio-political environment and cultural conditions, the scope and contents of participation change. International Institute of Labour Studies WPM is the participation resulting from the practices which increase the scope for employees share of influence in decision-making at different tiers of organizational hierarch with concomitant assumption of responsibility.ILO Workers participation, may broadly be taken to cover all terms of association of workers and their representatives with the decision-making process, ranging from exchange of information, consultations, decisions and negotiations, to more institutionalized forms such as the presence of workers member on management or supervisory boards or even management by workers themselves as practiced in Yugoslavia. ObjectivesAccording to Gosep, workers participation may be viewed as o An instrument for increasing the efficiency of enterprises and establishing harmonious relations o A device for developing social education for promoti ng solidarity among workers and for tapping human talents o A means for achieving industrial peace and harmony which leads to higher productivity and increased production o A humanitarian act, elevating the status of a worker in the society o An ideological way of developing self-management and promoting industrial democracy. Other objectives of WPM can be cited as To improve the quality of working life (QWL) by allowing the workers greater influence and involvement in work and satisfaction obtained from work and o To secure the mutual co-operation of employees and employers in achieving industrial peace greater efficiency and productivity in the interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the nation. The main implications of workers participation in management as summarized by ILO o Workers have ideas which can be useful o Workers may work more intelligently if they are informed about the reasons for and the intention of decisions that are taken in a participative at mosphere.Importance Unique motivational power and a great psychological value. Peace and harmony between workers and management. Workers get to see how their actions would contribute to the overall growth of the gild. They tend to view the decisions as their own and are more enthusiastic in their implementation. employment considers them more responsible. o They become more willing to take initiative and come out with cost-saving suggestions and growth-oriented ideas. Scope and slipway of participation One view is that workers or the trade unions should, as equal partners, sit with the management and make joint managerial decisions.The new(prenominal) view is that workers should entirely be given an opportunity, through their representatives, to influence managerial decisions at various levels. In practice, the participation of workers can take place by one or all the methods listed below o Board level participation o Ownership participation o Complete control o Staff or work councils o Joint councils and committees o Collective Bargaining o course enlargement and enrichment o Suggestion schemes o grapheme circles o authorise teams o TQM o Financial participation exponentiation at the Board level This would be the highest form of industrial democracy.The workers representative on the Board can play a useful role in safeguarding the interests of workers. He or she can serve as a necessitate and a control element. o He or she can prevail upon top management non to take measures that would be unpopular with the employees. o He or she can guide the Board members on matters of investment in employee benefit schemes like housing, and so forth. The Government of India took the initiative and appointed workers representatives on the Board of Hindustan Antibiotics (Pune), HMT (Bangalore), and even nationalized banks.The Tatas, DCM, and a hardly a(prenominal) others have adopted this practice. Problems associated with this method o Focus of workers represen tatives is different from the focus of the remaining members of the Board. o Communication and subsequently relations between the workers representative and the workers suffers subsequently the former assumes directorship. He or she tends to become alienated from the workers. o As a result, he or she may be less sound with the other members of the Board in dealing with employee matters. Because of the differences in the cultural and educational backgrounds, and differences in behaviour and manners, such an employees representative may feel inferior to the other members, and he or she may feel suffocated. Hence, his or her role as a director may not be satisfying for either the workers or the management. o Such representatives of workers on the Board, places them in a minority. And the decisions of the Board are arrived at on the basis of the majority vote. Participation through ownership This involves making the workers shareholders of the company by inducing them to buy equity sha res. In many cases, advances and financial assistance in the form of easy repayment options are extended to change employees to buy equity shares. Examples of this method are available in the manufacturing as well as the service sector. Advantage o Makes the workers committed to the bank line and to the organization. Drawback o Effect on participation is limited because ownership and management are two different things. Participation through do control Workers mother complete control of the management through elected boards. The system of self-management in Yugoslavia is based on this concept.Self-management gives complete control to workers to manage directly all aspects of industries through their representatives. Advantages o Ensures identification of the workers with their organization. o Industrial disputes disappear when workers develop loyalty to the organization. o flip unions welcome this type of participation. Conclusion Complete control by workers is not an answer to the problem of participation because the workers do not evince interest in management decisions. Participation through Staff and Works Councils Staff councils or works councils are bodies on which the representation is entirely of the employees.There may be one council for the entire organization or a hierarchy of councils. The employees of the respective sections elect the members of the councils. Such councils play a varied role. o Their role retchs from seeking information on the managements intentions to a full share in decision-making. Such councils have not enjoyed too much of success because trade union leaders fear the erosion of their power and prestige if such workers bodies were to prevail. Participation through Joint Councils and Committees Joint councils are bodies comprising representatives of employers and employees. This method sees a very loose form of participation, as these councils are mostly consultative bodies. Work committees are a legal requirement in indus trial establishments employing 100 or more workers. o Such committees discuss a wide range of topics committed to labour welfare. o Examples of such committees are welfare committee, safety committee, etc. o Such committees have not proven to be too effective in promoting industrial democracy, increasing productivity and reducing labour unrest. Participation through Collective Bargaining Through the process of CB, management and workers may achieve collective greement regarding rules for the formulation and termination of the contract of employment, as well as conditions of service in an establishment. Even though these agreements are not legally binding, they do have some force. For CB to work, the workers and the employers representatives need to bargain in the right spirit. But in practice, while bargaining, each party tries to take advantage of the other. This process of CB cannot be called WPM in its strongest sensory faculty as in reality CB is based on the crude concept of exercising power for the benefit of one party. WPM, on the other hand, brings two the parties together and develops appropriate mutual understanding and brings about a mature responsible relationship. Participation through Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment Excessive job specialization that is seen as a by-product of mass production in industries, leads to boredom and associated problems in employees. Two methods of job designing job enlargement and job enrichment are seen as methods of addressing the problems. o Job enlargement means expanding the job content adding task elements horizontally. Job enrichment means adding motivators to the job to make it more rewarding. This is WPM in that it offers liberty and scope to the workers to use their judgment. But this form of participation is very basic as it provides only limited freedom to a worker concerning the method of performing his/her job. The worker has no say in other vital issues of concern to him issues such as job and income security, welfare schemes and other policy decisions. Participation through Suggestion Schemes Employees views are invited and reward is given for the best suggestion.With this scheme, the employees interest in the problems of the organization is aroused and maintained. Progressive managements more and more use the suggestion schemes. Suggestions can come from various levels. The ideas could range from changes in inspection procedures to design changes, process simplification, paper-work reduction and the like. o Out of various suggestions, those authorized could provide marginal to substantial benefits to the company. The rewards given to the employees are in line with the benefits derived from the suggestions. Participation through Quality CirclesConcept originated in Japan in the proto(prenominal) 1960s and has now spread all over the world. A QC consists of seven to ten people from the same work area who meet fixly to define, analyze, and bat quality and related prob lems in their area. Training in problem-solving techniques is provided to the members. QCs are said to provide quick, concrete, and impressive results when correctly implemented. Advantages o Employees become involved in decision-making, acquire communication and analytical skills and improve efficiency of the work place. o Organization gets to enjoy higher savings-to-cost ratios. Chances of QC members to get promotions are enhanced. The Indian Scenario o Tried by BHEL, Mahindra and Mahindra, Godrej and Boyce among others. o Experienced mixed results M&M (jeep division) with 76 QCs has experienced favourable results. Technical problems got solved. Workers got to get out of their daily routine and do something challenging. Trade unions look at it as A way of overburdening workers, and An attempt to undermine their role. These circles require a lot of time and inscription on the part of members for regular meetings, analysis, brainstorming, etc.Most QCs have a definite life cycle one to three years. o Few circles survive beyond this limit either because they loose locomote or they face simple problems. QCs can be an excellent bridge between participative and non-participative approaches. For QCs to succeed in the long run, the management needs to show its commitment by implementing some of the suggestions of the groups and providing feedback on the disposition of all suggestions. Empowered Teams Empowerment occurs when authority and responsibility are passed on to the employees who then experience a sense of ownership and control over their obs. Employees may feel more responsible, may take initiative in their work, may get more work done, and may enjoy the work more. For empowerment to occur, the following approach needs to be followed as compared to the traditional approach Element Traditional Org. Empowered Teams Organizational body structure Layered, individual Flat, team Job design Narrow, single task Whole process, multiple tasks Management role Dir ect, control Coach, facilitate Leadership Top-down divided with the team Information flow Controlled, limited Open, sharedRewards Individual, seniority Team-based, skill-based Job process Managers plan, control, improve Teams plan, control, improve Features of empowered or self-directed teams o Empowered to share various management and leadership functions. o Plan, control and improve their work. o Often create their schedules and review their performance as a group. o whitethorn prepare their own budgets and co-ordinate their work with other departments. o Usually order materials, keep inventories and deal with suppliers. o Frequently responsible for acquiring any new training they might need. May hire their own replacement to assume responsibility for the quality of their products or services. Titan, Reliance, ABB, GE Plastics (India), Wipro Corporation and Wipro InfoTech are empowering employees both frontline as well as production staff, and are enjoying positive results. Tota l Quality Management TQM refers to the deep commitment, almost obsession, of an organization to quality. Every step in companys processes is subjected to intense and regular scrutiny for ways to improve it. Some traditional beliefs are discarded. o High quality costs more. Quality can be improved by inspection. o Defects cannot be completely eliminated. o Quality in the job of the QC personnel. New principles of TQM are o foregather the customers requirement on time, the first time, and 100% of the time. o Strive to do error-free work. o Manage by prevention, not correction. o time the cost of quality. TQM is called participative because it is a formal programme involving every employee in the organization making each one responsible for improving quality everyday. Financial Participation This method involves less consultations or even joint decisions.Performance of the organization is linked to the performance of the employee. The logic behind this is that if an employee has a fi nancial stake in the organization, he/she is likely to be more positively motivated and involved. Some schemes of financial participation o Profit-linked pay o Profit sharing and Employees Stock pickax schemes. o Pension-fund participation. Pre-requisites for successful participation Management and operatives/employees should not work at cross-purposes i. e. they must have clearly defined and complementary objectives.Free flow of communication and information. Participation of outside trade union leaders to be avoided. Strong and effective trade unionism. Workers education and training. Trade unions and government needs to work in this area. invest between both the parties. Workers should be associated at all levels of decision-making. Employees cannot spend all their time in participation to the exclusion of all other work. Limitations of participation applied science and organizations today are so complex that specialized work-roles are required. o This means employees will not be able to articipate effectively in matters beyond their particular environment. Everybody need not want participation. The role of trade unions in promoting participative management has been far from satisfactory. Employers are unwilling to share power with the workers representatives. Managers consider participative management a fraud. Evolution of participative management in India The beginning towards WPM was made with the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, which made Works Committees mandatory in industrial establishments employing 100 or more workers.The Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1956 stated that there should be some joint consultation to batten down industrial peace, and improve employer-employee relations. The functions of both these joint bodies were to be consultative and were not binding on the management. The response to these schemes was encouraging to begin with, but gradually waned. o A study team was appointed in 1962 to report on the w orking of joint councils and committees. The team identified some reasons for their failure.No concrete steps were taken to remove the difficulties, or change the pattern of participative management. During the emergency of 1975-77, the interest in these schemes was revived by the then Prime Minister by including Workers Participation in industry in the governments 20-point programme. o The government started persuading large enterprises to set up joint consultative committees and councils at different levels. The Janata Government who came to power in 1977 carried on this initiative. In was again emphasized by the Congress government who came back n 1979.This continued in a non-statutory vein coin bank the late 1980s, and the response from the employers and employees stayed luke-warm. o Then, the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution was made. Now, Article 43-A reads The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation, or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in th e management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. Thus, participative management is a constitutional commitment in India. o And then, on May 30,1990 the government introduced the Participation of Workers in Management Bill in the Rajya Sabha.The bill requires every industrial enterprise to constitute one or more Shop-Floor Councils at the shop floor level, andEstablishment Council at the establishment level. These councils will have equal representation of employers and employees. Shop-Floor councils enjoy powers over a wide range of functions from production, wastage control to safety hazards. The Establishment Council enjoys similar powers. The bill provides for the constitution of a Board of Management of every corporate body owning an industrial establishment.The bill excessively provides for penalties on individuals who contravene any provision of the bill. In spite of all these efforts, only the government and the academicians have b een interested in participative management. But participative management is scaffolding a comeback. o The compulsions of emerging competitive environment have made employee involvement more relevant than ever before. o Managers and the managed are forced to immobilise their known stands, break barriers, and work in unison. Managers and workers are partners in the progress of business.

Dollard & Pavlov Case Study Personality Psy

Jon Britton Personality Psychology Dr Humbert Case Study 10 3-18-2013 Dollard & Pavlov The first and initiatory primary drive shown by Jack is in the form of wanting to importanttain a stable life. He has worked himself into a suitable position in the restaurant business and he is driven to succeed by not wanting to fail. His biggest fear is to fail and be a loser so this is his main primary drive and it is working well for him.The way that he reduces this primary drive is he begins to take classes in college in order to advance set ahead in the restaurant industry. These classes will enable him to get a degree and then he will be able to make more coin and gain a more stable position. His primary secondary drive is roughly parallel to his primary in the sense that his fear of not win is driving him to do something outside of his normal operating procedure, that is taking classes in college at an age where he feels that he is too old to do so.Once he starts to partake in the clas ses he finds that he is doing better than he could have imagined which further compliments the secondary drives at work. There were definitely cues which helped Jack abuse outside of his normal boundaries, it came in the form of hearing some of the younger people where he works talk about being in schooltime and getting their degrees.This helped to motivate Jack in making his decision to take the classes, probably because it made him feel younger, and gave him a greater sense of accomplishment when he finally did make the decision to take the classes. The four main processes underlying the classical conditioning model according to Pavlov are un learned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. These four components, can work in unison to produce the precise conditions necessary for a classical conditioning experiment / milieu to take place.

Task 3 Answer

Task 3 Name Section occasions Purpose Activity Directions Read the descriptions of each item and determine the origins decision in writing it (to entertain, persuade, or declare). Then, in a sentence or two, explain your answer. 1. A reputation about a family trying to stick together and survive through the Great Depression in the Midwest in the 1930s Authors Purpose to entertain Explain Your Answer economize a sentence or two. Because it is a story and wants to entertain. 2. A section in a story book describing the conditions and causes of the Great Depression in the Midwest in the 1930sAuthors Purpose to inform Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. It is giving an idea or information about great depression. It is written to inform. 3. An instructional booklet describing how to operate an MP3 player Authors Purpose to inform Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. Because this textbook describing how to operate MP3 player using instructional booklet. Then, the p urpose of the author is to inform. 4. An article where the author argues that an IPOD music player is better than a ZUNE Authors Purpose to persuade Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two.The authors covering that IPOD music player is better than ZUNE. Try to encourage the reader. emailprotected 5. A poem about why the IPOD is the greatest consumer electronic device ever made Authors Purpose to entertain Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. The text is a kind of poem and the poem is written to entertain. 6. The story of a young athlete who takes steroids and his life and future fall apart Authors Purpose to entertain Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. Even though the readers can get information and lesson, it is a story wants to entertain. . A medical report describing the cause of steroids on the human body Authors Purpose to inform Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. The author describe the effects of steroids on human body, therefore, the purpose of the author is t inform. 8. A speech written by Jose Canseco listing the negative effects of steroids and urging young athletes to non use steroids Authors Purpose to persuade Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. The authors attempting to influence the readers that steroids have different effects. The purpose of the author is to persuade. emailprotected 9. A booklet containing the school rules and the consequences for violating those rules Authors Purpose to inform Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. The text (student booklet) gives information to the reader. Therefore, the purpose of the author is to inform. 10. A story written about a young boy who moves to a new school and is bullied, but he gains self-confidence by joining a sports team and learns to stand up for himself. Authors Purpose to entertain Explain Your Answer Write a sentence or two. To entertain is the main purpose of the story.

Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet

downslope on the Seine, Argenteuil The following is an analysis and an interpretation of Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This oil on flowerpotvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art. Claude Monet, the artist of this piece painted this in 1873, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important eccentric of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works exchangeable Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil.Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is from a series of paintings that Monet did part in Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used doneout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color every play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Impressionist artists attempted to capture candid shots of their subjects outdoors showing the effects of sunlight on divergent objects at different times of day. Claude Monet was no exception to this statement.Like in Claude Monets Rouen Cathedral The Portal (in Sun) (Garnier, 824), sunlight is an important part in scene executed in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, though is non the real subject of the piece like it is in Rouen Cathedral The Portal (in Sun). In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Claude Monet used darker hues of the colour in to capture the light and the absence of light throughout the painting. The sun itself cannot be distinguishn, but the intensity of the colors orange, yellow, white, green, and red throughout the tree suggest that on that point is some sunlight present.The sky is spotted with clouds almost to the point where you cant see the sky, but there is some blue still seen through the clouds. Monet was obviously wanting to capture the essence of the Autumn season, and did so with the right use of lighting that would not see been possible without the brushstrokes Monet used. The brushstrokes that are used throughout a painting can help classify what movement the painting may have came out of. Impressionist painters created a distinctive short, choppy brushstroke to create better lighting. In painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, Monet uses this technique all over the canvas.At close inspection, the colors red, white, yellow and blue placed font by side looked unintelligible as they are placed throughout the trees on the left side of the painting. At a distance, however, the colors begin to mess up into different variations of orange, green, yellow, white, blue, and red, making the palette more interesting. This technique is used on the entire painting. The water systems reflection of the trees uses the same technique. Like in Claude Monets first major Impressionism painting, Impression Sunrise (Garnier, 823), the painting Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil also uses the brushy strokes.Both use a body of waters reflection in the piece, making the water itself more interesting, and giving Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil perspective. The te chnique most artists use to project an illusion of the three-dimensional human being onto a two-dimensional surface is called perspective. Objects are painted smaller the farther away from the consultation is supposed to be, and are painted bigger the closer the audience is supposed to be. A vanishing point is helpful in creating perspective. This technique helps to make up a sense of depth in a piece of art.In Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, perspective is created by the body of water that is in the foreground of painting. This body of water is going off into the distance in which you cannot see its end. In the background, there are buildings that are barely visible, making them appear to be farther away. This technique draws the audiences eye to the nucleus of the piece, perhaps at the building that is set of into the distance. colour has value, hues, and intensities that differ from piece to piece. Color can also be broken down into color schemes.Color is always a very impor tant part to any work of art. Impressionism painters usually only used the primary colors blue, red, and yellow in their works, like Monet did in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. They did this so they could place the primary colors side by side to create secondary colors like the super acid and oranges seen in the trees in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. This technique was used because Impressionists believed that color is not a permanent characteristic and changes due to weather, lighting, or reflection, which is true in this painting as the leave are all changing colors.The color of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil effects the colors of the reflections of the trees, boats, and buildings very little. Impressionism paintings have an overall luminosity because the painters avoided blacks and earth colors. Shadows in the painting are composed of many complimentary colors, like on the sides of the boats on the left side of the water in Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. Aut umn on the Seine, Argenteuil by Claude Monet was interesting and very tranquil to analysis and an interpret.This oil on canvas painting can be found in the High Museum of Art, but was originally painted in 1873 in France, right as the Impressionism Movement was beginning. Monet played the important role of one of the founders of the Impressionism Movement with his works like Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil. In the artwork Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil, the lighting used throughout the painting, brushstroke techniques, perspective, and color all play an important role in the piece, as well as in the Impressionism Movement. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil is an amazing work of art that will not soon be forgotten by its many adoring fans.

Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible

Corporate s basisdals in billet world have been more and more common, which damages the interest and profits of stakeholders, employers, community or society. The embodied s green goddessdals pull the public to focus on the ethic of managers and the firm itself. Comparing to the past, customers are focusing more and more on the paper of the firms and they prefer to select the brands that are environmentally friendly and affectionately obligated when they buy products or service.This change pushes firms to maintain their storys with more efforts. Corporate kind tariff has been a hot topic in pipeline world today, which is an important part of building brand take in while brand image is a revalue for firms. This essay holds the instruction that line of products should ever be ethically and tenderly responsible. Firstly, it gives the several definitions of business ethic and merged social responsibility briefly. Subsequently, it outlines the pros and coins for overlayi ng corporate social responsibility.Following this, it discusses the negative effects ca utilize by corporate scandals with several real cases likeToyota, Bernard Madoff and Enron. Finally it discusses the benefits when business is ethically and socially responsible with the examples of Procter & Gamble and Li Ka-shing. Definitions of business morality and Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics is the code of values and principles to govern peoples behaviours to verdict what is right or wrong. Business ethic is the industriousness of personal moral in commercial enterprise.Comparing to the vague definition of business ethics, the definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is clearer. As stated by The humanness Business Council for Sustainable Development(2014), corporate social responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to the economic development and the welfare of employees and the family, the community and the whole society. European delegating (2014) defines this concept as follow the firms integrate concerns of social and environment with stakeholders in the economic decisions and processs voluntarily.The definitions of business ethics and corporate social responsibility state that business firms are acting ethically and socially responsible means in the economic operations they should con placer the interests of stakeholders, environment and society and they should concern the welfare of employees and the family sooner of concerning only the profits of firms and personal interest. The proponents of CSR include the moral responsibleness, license to operate, sustainability and reputation (Porter, 2004).According to Lahovnik (2008), there are three levels of corporate social responsibility. The first level is the obligation to meet the material for shareholders, employees, customers, creditorsand suppliers. The second level is the responsibility to benefit the human resource of community and avoid the damage to environment. Th e last one is the responsibility to the society. notwithstanding though there is not clear definition how far firms should address the social responsibility, there is indeed a fact that firms should take the social responsibility in their economic operations.Against and For Corporate Social Responsibility in that respect is a hot debating on whether firms should address their corporate social responsibility or not. For the objectors, business is just business that maximize profits is the economic responsibility of management instead of being the social role in society. The social problems should not be resolved by firms and firms are not designed to handle these issues. Corporate social responsibility could be an important tool wielded by firms.Stated by The con consort Street Journal, the addressing of CSR may be anillusion and a dangerous one because when there is a conflict between private profit and social interest firms tend to select the former one (Karnani,2010). Even thou gh the firms say they are doing the projects with charity purposes, the investment or cost of these projects may be owned by other ways, which may harm the interest of environment or society. Different from the objectors, there are a variety of reasons to support the idea that firms should address the corporate social responsibility and be ethical.The first reason is that the human and social problems are largely led by industrialization and business firms own the social resource that business has the obligation to reduce and solve these issues. Firms have been important parts of the society and they own a huge resource, which means they also post the obligation to solve the problems in the society especially these problems led by their economic operations. The second reason is that business firms can get benefits from addressing corporate social responsibility.CSR directly benefits the financial bottom line and improve the competitiveness of firms. CSR can enhance reputation and b rand image of firms. The survey of PWC 2002 showed that 90% of respondents said that corporate social responsibility can enhance the corporate reputation. The 2002 Cone Corporate Citizenship Study also showed that 84 percent of American would change brands to those with good reputation in the similar price and quality (Kotler and Lee 2005).When companies address corporate social responsibility, it will bring official impacts on retention, recruitment and motivations of employees for the firms. For example, Timberland is always encouraging its employees to offer community service called Path of Service, which has been ranked by Fortune and Timberland is named as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For (Provictus, 2012). The third reason is the social benefits brought by business firms when they address corporate social responsibility and act ethically.When business firms act ethically, the firms can reduce the negative impacts on stakeholders, employees, customers and the society, which will be discussed infra with real cases. When business firms performance well in CSR, they can bring huge benefits to the investors, stakeholders, customers, community and society, which will be discussed below with examples as well. Negative Effects of Corporate Scandals When business firms or managers of firms act unethically and ignore their corporate social responsibility, the negative effects can flush internally and externally.The negative effects of corporate scandals can influence the reputation of firms, the interests of stakeholders, employees, customers, environment and society. In 2009, Toyota recalled over 9 million cars over the world in two separate recalls because of the quality issue, which led to billions of dollars in operating losses andcharges. The reputation of top quality in car industry faced a heavy hit globally. Even though Toyota would not break out completely, the reputation was threatened, which has been built through decades (Connor, 2010).The share price dropped down and customers distrusted Toyota in quality. The unethical action of Toyota to produce unsafe cars pulled Toyota in a dangerous place that it brought side effects on the reputation globally, which definitely reduced its market share and gross revenue globally. In June 2009, the unethical behavior of Bernard Madoff damaged the interest of investors by using the Ponzi scheme. The similar case with Bernard Madoff exist more in business world, which brings huge side effects to investors. As a top audit firm, Enron met the corporate scandal.Enron lied about the profits and the success of Enron was brought by creative accounting. In 2013, the building collapse of Rana Plaza killed more than 1,100 people and this event involved many celebrated clothes brands into corporate scandals. Wal-Mart is one of them because it received clothes from Banned Bangladesh Factories, which has been defined as unethical operation (Grabell, 2013). The unethical behaviours of Wal-Ma rt damaged the interest of workers in Banned Bangladesh Factories. Meanwhile, Wal-Marts brand image has been affected because Wal-Mart is treated as a firm with social responsibility.In 2010, BAE Systems plc (BAES) pleaded guilty for overseas corruption (The United States Department of Justice, 2010). The real cases that business firms or managers act unethically without corporate social responsibility are more than these mentioned above over the world. The side effects of these corporate scandals are widely spread. The corporate scandals can hurt the reputation of firms, the interests of investors and stakeholders, welfare of employees, the purport damage or property losses of customers and the damage of environment.The side effects are so great that the society urges that the business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Positive Effects of Acting Ethically and Socially Responsible The overbearing effects of acting ethically and socially responsible support the s tatement that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Just like this essay stated above, there are various benefits firms and the whole society can get when firms address the corporate social responsibility and act ethically.Procter & Gamble is an excellent case of multinational firms that address corporate social responsibility well. There are few corporate scandals of Procter & Gamble in business world. Instead, there are many pieces of news on how Procter & Gamble is an excellent citizen in business world that addresses corporate social responsibility well. For example, Procter & Gamble provides PUR technology to purify dirty water for people in Africa and helps kids to live and get didactics (Procter &Gamble, 2013).Childrens Safe Drinking Water Program (CSDW) has reached over 70 countries to save tens of thousands of lives (Procter & Gamble, 2014a). Apart from thisProcter & Gamble (2013) donated money and encouraged employees to help the poor kids to get e ducation in China. To protect environment, Procter & Gamble(2014b) is committed to design recycled products with innovation. Procter & Gamble (2014c) is also trying to make zero waste a reality from manufacturing and designing. There is no describe on how Procter & Gamble benefit from addressing its corporate social responsibility.However, Procter & Gamble build its great reputation in business world globally. The reputation enhances the brand image of Procter & Gamble and meanwhile it increases the sales of Procter & Gamble the cohesion of employees in the firm. The investors may tend to join in Procter & Gamble because Procter & Gamblehas great corporate citizenship. In assenting to Procter & Gamble, Coca Cola, Pepsi and other multinational firms are doing greatly in addressing the corporate social responsibility and get benefits from it even though it takes some cost.The money used in corporate social responsibility is another form of investment, which will come out profits wit h intangible asset asset. In China, there is a famous rich person called Li Ka-shing, who is always acting ethically and socially responsible. Because of his ethical business behavior and good morality, Li Ka-shing built his reputation and the reputation of his firm in business world, which has contributed a lot to his success. Meanwhile, the ethical behavior of Li Ka-shing avoided the side effects on the stakeholders, employees, customers and society.From the real case of Procter & Gamble and Li Ka-shing, it shows that when business firms or businessmen act ethically and socially responsible, they get payback with good reputation and brand image, which will be switched to products sales and intangible asset. This supports the idea that why business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Conclusion In conclusion, business should always be ethically and socially responsible because the negative efforts of corporate scandals can hurt the interest of society while the im pact of acting ethically and socially responsible can be positive to the society.The essay provides the definition of business ethics and corporate social responsibility to outline how firms and managers are acting ethically and socially responsible. Subsequently, it offers two sides for the argument whether firms should address corporate social responsibility to support the thesis of this essay. The real cases of corporate scandals show the results and side effects when firms behave unethically in economic operations to urge the need to be ethically and socially responsible.Meanwhile, the real cases of Procter & Gamble and Li Ka-shing show that when firms or businessmen behave ethically and socially responsible, they can get payback in economy as well and the address corporate society will benefit the investors, employees, community, customers and environment. The negative impacts of acting unethically and the positive impacts of firms acting ethically and socially responsible to t he firms, community and environment finally support the idea that business should always be ethically and socially responsible.

Experimental Psychology Research Paper Essay

The terms direction and psychotherapy are often engaged in a loosely interchangeable way, especially in Australia. Where distinctions are made, there has been little accord on what each term should cover. This article examines several axes on which counselling might potentially be distinguished from psychotherapy the most promising basis for such a distinction seems to be whether or non the mode of work attempts to access the unconscious.On this basis, several modalities currently termed therapy would in fact be classed as types of counselling, including those modalities of family therapy which aim to engage clients at the level of conscious behaviour change and restructuring. thoughtfulness of how new professionals are trained lends support to a continuum, with short-term, problem-focused conscious-oriented approaches at one end, and longer-term, transference-focused, unconscious-oriented approaches at the other, the dividing line approach at the point where trainees learn the skill of immediacy.to feel uncomfortable making. My university offered two programs a shorter subdue of Education award in Counselling, and a longer Master of Arts award in Counselling Psychology, aiming to train psychologists for clinical positions in Community Mental Health, where they would often be doing psychotherapy. Everyone seemed to exist what the difference between counselling and psychotherapy was, although exactly what it consisted in was rarely addressed. An introductory course called The Roles of advocate and Therapist set Impact and Change A Study of Counseling Relationships (Kell and Mueller, 1966).The counselling in this take seemed to have a lot to do with transference (though that term was not employed) and stressed the counsellors use of the counsellorclient relationshipthings that had rarely been mentioned in my Australian training in counselling. On the other hand, Family Therapy, my chosen specialty and enthusiasm back then, was therapy, despite the fact t hat most family therapists at the time rejected the whole idea of transference (for an exception, see Box, 1998), gave their clients straightforward behavioural homework and check up on to see if they did it.How was this different from the educational approaches in which my friends enrolled in the M.Ed. program were being trained? I did not fully sort out these things during my two years in the US. I returned in 1981 to an Australia still much often than not committed to counselling, only to see it adopt the term therapy with remarkable speed over the coterminous decade (the insistence of family therapists on calling themselves that, rather than family counsellors, no doubt being a bestow factor). Clearly, psychotherapy is now regarded within the profession (and increasingly will be regarded outside it) as the more prestigious term but what makes it so? A status distinction has arisen without any corresponding thinking-through of the nub of that distinction.

Masculinity and Femininity Essay

Throughout history and across culture, definitions of maleness and womanhood have change dramatically, leading researchers to argue that g discontinueer, and specifically sex activity roles, ar socially pee-peeed (see Cheng, 1999). Cheng (1999296) further states that one should non cod that masculine behaviour is performed however by men, and by all men, while feminine behaviour is performed by women and by all women. such historic and cultural genetic mutations oppose the essentialist view that maleness, femininity and gender roles ar biologically ingrained in males and females prior to birth (Cheng, 1999). These socially constructed stereotypes surrounding maleness and femininity coupled with their cultural and historical variations are the focus of this essay, leading into the sociological implications of the findings.Whilst practices of gender roles have varied dramatically across history and culture, the stereotypes surrounding maleness and femininity have remained fairly stoic (Cheng,1999). Masculinity has been continually characterised by traits such as independence, confidence and assertiveness, with these traits relating directly to aspects of dominance, license, power and victor ( hound, 19951). Cheng (1999298) links these traits of masculinity to hegemonic masculinity, as a culturally idealised form of masculine character. Connell (199576) agrees, stipulating that hegemonic masculinity is culturally and historically variable quantity, be precisely the masculinity that occupies the hegemonic position in a given pattern of gender relations. This serves to emphasise that, if hegemonic masculinity is at the top of the pyramid of a set of gender relations, and these gender relations (as seen below) can vary, hegemonic masculinity itself can also vary across cultures and historical intents.This indicates that the previously alluded to traits of masculinity are instead the occidental traits of hegemonic masculinity (Connell, 1995). Femi ninity, on the other hand, has often been categorised as the complete opposite of hegemonic masculinity ( bounder, 1995). Leaper (19951) has emphasised many stereotypically feminine characteristics, including understanding, compassionate and affectionate. These characteristics often perpetuate the gender role of the loving, nurturing mother and domestic home-maker, emphasising success (as debate to the masculine success of wealth and status accumulation) as atidy house and nourished children (Hoffman, 2001). Various scholarly research has highlighted how such stereotypes of masculinity and femininity are continually perpetuated by the wider population, with Leaper (1995) reporting there is much distaste for a masculine woman or feminine man. However, regardless of the stereotypes associated with masculinity and femininity, cultural variations of these stereotypical gender roles exist.It has long been argued that definitions and practices of masculinity and femininity vary across cultures (see Cheng, 1999), with turn out surrounding variations in masculinity being drawn from Japan, the Sambia country of Papua New Guinea, America and Latin America. Sugihara and Katsurada (1999635) retell this perspective by stating that culture defines gender roles and societal values. Sugihara and Katsuradas (1999645) study of gender roles in Nipponese orderliness characterised Japanese hegemonic masculinity as a man with internal strength as opposed to the physical strength typically emphasised within westward societies ideal man. In contrast, the American persuasion of hegemonic masculinity is predominantly seen as to include heterosexism, gender difference and dominance (Kiesling, 2005).Specifically, as stated by Kiesling (2005), masculinity in America relies upon being heterosexual, in a position of power, dominance or authority and believing that there is a categorical difference between men and women in terms of biology and behaviour. It is this westerly notion of masculinity that is often seen to perpetuate stereotypical gender roles, as alluded to previously (Leaper, 1995). get ahead variations in masculinity across cultures can be seen in recent research in the Sambia region of Papua New Guinea, where it was discovered that masculinity is the outcome of a regime of ritualised homosexuality leading into manhood (Macionis and Plummer, 2005307) Such engaging in homosexual acts, whilst considered an example of hegemonic masculinity in the Sambia region, is considered a subordinated masculinity in the western sandwich world, indicating how hegemonic masculinity can vary across cultures (Connell, 1995). some other cultural variation at the opposite end of the spectrum to the homosexuality of the Sambia region, the internalised strengths of Japanese men and even in contrast to the authoritative dominance of American masculinity, is the machismo construct of masculinity in Latino men. The masculinity shown inLatino men can be expound as an e xaggerated form of American hegemonic masculinity, with a focus on physical strength, toughness and playacting as both a protector and an authority figure (Saez et. al, 2009). These four variations alone between Japanese, Sambian, American and Latin American masculinity emphasise the cultural differences in masculinity. Femininity, however, shows to some extent, even greater variation cross-culturally.Delph-Janiurck (2000320) suggests that femininity focuses on social relations the home and (re)creating feelings of togetherness, re-emphasising the customsal stereotypical gender role of the nurturing, motherly home-maker. This definition of femininity can be reiterated by Sugihara and Katsuradas (1999636) study, where they found Japanese women portrayed aspects of Connells (1995) emphasised femininity, in that they were reserved, subservient and obeyed their husbands. However, these traditional traits of femininity are not the same across cultures. Margaret Meads study of the Mun gdugumor and Tchambuli peoples of Papua New Guinea stand in stark contrast to the femininity previously emphasised. The Mungdugumor tribe showed both males and females as hard-hitting and powerful, typically masculine traits to the Western world (Lutkehaus, 1993).The Tchambuli tribe, in contrast, reversed the Western gender roles completely, resulting in the males being much submissive and females acting more aggressive (Gewertz, 1984). In the Western world and specifically Australia, variations in comparison to other cultures could not be more obvious. Harrison (1997) emphasises how the English tradition of debutante balls, adapted by many religious institutions in Australia, promotes a feminine ideal of monogynic heterosexuality, coupled with passivity, beauty, modesty and virginity. This version of femininity stands in stark contrast to the subservience of Japanese women, and the aggressive traits of both the Tchambuli and Mungdugumor tribes women, as a cross-cultural example of varied femininity. These examples further serve to emphasise how variable masculinity and femininity are across cultures. However, such variations are similarly evident across historical periods.Historical variations in masculinity and femininity also exist, further serving to emphasise that gender roles are a socially constructedcreation. Cheng (1999298) reiterates this stating that, as history changes, so does the definition of hegemonic masculinity, emphasising how variable social social systems of gender roles are. In the last century alone, the American version of hegemonic masculinity has witnessed solid changes. Before the first World War, hegemonic masculinity was portrayed through the likes of Humphrey Bogart and Clark Gable, before being overturned by the more physical, muscular, violent and sexual Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone (Cheng, 1999300).Another example exists in Australia, where masculinity has seen a similar shift from the 1950s until now. Pen nell (20017) has emphasised how masculinity in Australia started with the patriarchy, the belief that moral and legal authority derives from the masculine. The 1950s particularly portrayed masculine males as the breadwinners and feminine females as homemakers, examples of the gender role stereotypes continually perpetuated today (Pennell, 2001). As the years progressed, sports stars such as Donald Bradman and, more recently, Shane Warne and Olympian James Mangussen, began to portray typical hegemonic masculinity, with more emphasis being placed upon physique, dominance and power, than simply material wealth (Pennell, 2001). However, masculinity is not the only thing that has seen significant historical change.Femininity, however, has not changed as dramatically as masculinity, remaining, as emphasised by Cheng (1999), the subordinated gender. Matthews (in Baldock, 1985) emphasises the changes that have occurred in femininity over the twentieth century, from women portraying their fe mininity through submissive acts of unpaid work to womens emancipation and allowance in joining the workforce, emphasising a less submissive, more powerful and independent notion of femininity. Whilst the feminist movement showed significant improvements to womens rights, historical notions of femininity passivity, domesticity and beauty continue to be perpetuated in Australian society (Cheng, 1999). This emphasises how society may not change as fast as evidence surrounding the social construction of gender roles arises (Cheng, 1999).Various sociological implications arise from these examples ofvarying masculinities and femininities across culture and history, particularly that it suggests gender roles are not homogenous, unchanging, fixed or undifferentiated (Cheng, 1999301). To some extent, such evidence can dispute claims that gender roles, masculinities and femininities are biologically determined and can argue against the essentialist argument that there are two and only two bi-polar gender roles (Cheng, 1999296). The evidence, that masculinity and femininity vary cross-culturally and over historical periods has the ability to argue against the essentialist argument, as it shows the more than two gender roles exist, with variations between cultures (such as the varied femininities across Japan and PNG) and within historical periods (such as the variations in American hegemonic masculinity).In a societal sense, evidence suggesting that gender roles are not biologically constructed, but instead vary throughout culture and history, emphasises that such perceived inevitable functions of society, such as the patriarchal dividend and gender inequality are not inevitable biological constructs (Hoffman, 2001). They could be argued, instead, as socially constructed blockades to female empowerment and equality, that, such as can be seen in the Tchambuli tribe of Meads study, can be reversed (Lutkehaus, 1993).The evidence that masculinities and femininities vary diversely across culture and historical period further empahsises that gender roles and gender divides are socially constructed. With evidence drawn from as far arriver as PNG and Japan and over vast historical periods, it can be reiterated that gender roles and perceptions of masculinity and femininity are not unchanging (Cheng, 1999). As emphasised throughout this essay, such evidence disputes essentialist arguments regarding the supposed inevitable patriarchal dividend and, in relation to society, reiterates that gender roles can change.

Baseball: Then and Now Essay

The back up of baseball game game has at once become beyond question the leading feature of the outdoor sports of the United StatesIt is a game which is specially suited to the American temperament and disposition in short, the pastime suits the spate, and the people suit the pastime(Charles Peverelly, 1866). Although baseball is still Americas favorite pastime, the way it is played has alterd greatly since its founding in the 1800s. Baseball was originally created so there would be something the boys could do to keep busy during the summer months. Now, baseball has changed greatly because of technological and technique advancements, regain alterations, and the commercialization of the game.Since its origination in the mid 1800s, baseball has undergone some changes and advancements in technology and technique. When it was initiative played, there was no such thing as a mitt used to help catch the ball. The fielders would play bare-handed, making line drives automatic hits a nd ground balls even harder to handle. The batter has undergone many changes as well. Batters used to hit the ball with a bat that had a flat side. This was similar to a cricket paddle except slightly longer and slimmer. Now, players of any age or direct use bats that are cylinder shaped with a slightly wider section on the end.In the 1800s, the general public was not as safety oriented as is right aways society. This is shown by the complete lack of helmets worn by players in the mid 1800s. Now, helmets are required by ruler to be worn by the batter when he is hitting. Helmets are made of a highly dur up to(p), lash absorbent outer shell with soft interior padding for comfort. Other advances were demonstrated by the change in pitching style and technique. The first pitchers threw two kinds of pitches a high pitch and a scurvy pitch. Then, they added outside and inside pitches. After that, change ups and fastballs were developed. Now, sliders, sinkers, curveballs, forkballs, screwballs, and knuckleballs are routine pitches.As a result of straight offs pitchers like Pedro Martinez and Greg Maddux who throw less hittable pitches hitting techniques have been worked on, and players have become better hitters. Forexample, the first great hitters such as Babe commiseration and Mickey Mantle would not be able to compete with Alex Rodriguez and Barry Bonds the best batters of today. The advancements in technology and style have completely changed the way baseball is played, as have the many changes that were made to the rulebook.Since its early beginning in the mid 1800s through 1975, baseball has developed and modified many old rules into new rules that keep the game flowing. In 1889, a rule was introduced that if four balls were thrown during the span of one players at-bat, the player was allowed to walk to first base. This was an bulky change from the old rule, which stated that if nine pitches total were thrown during the at-bat, the hitter would walk to first base. to a fault that year, the batter could be thrown hardly three strikes before he was called out. In 1969, a ensample strike zone was added that included the area from the batters armpits to the top of his knees.These three rules eliminated the lengthy at bats that slowed down the game, standardized play, and made less room for controversial called strikes or balls. Not only if were changes made in the playing rules, there were also many changes in the equipment rules. In 1889, the backstop was allowed to ruin a padded leather mitt and a chest protector. This rule made being the catcher more bearable. By 1893, bat size and shape was enforced, and in 1975, the last change was made the baseball could be covered with cowhide because of the shortage of horses. Because of the plethora of changes that were made to the rulebook, baseball today contrasts baseball in the 1800s.The most explicit cause of the changes in baseball is the amount of commercialization that occurs t oday. The professional baseball players of today are shown on TV and in newspapers their replica jerseys are sold at around $70 per item and the players make an average of $600,000 per year. Compared to the absence of salary until the 1920s, this is a major difference. In 1922, Babe Ruth made $50,000 in 1989, Kirby Puckett made $3,000,000 and in 2000, Alex Rodriguez made $27,000,000. Many players of today play for money, not for their have it away of the game like they used to. This shows that baseball is no longer a game, but a job. another(prenominal) change is the publicity baseball receives. Stadiums today can hold as many as 62,409people (Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia).The first ball parks did not even have a place for spectators to watch. Not only do professional stadiums attract viewers, but they attract salesmen and the media. For example, Hormel does not provide 7th inning load entertainment to show their support for baseball they do it simply to advertise to a very kin g-size crowd for a very small price. Baseball today has grown rapidly into a engineer for cheap advertising and money-making. With the emphasis and importance of baseball on Americans lives today, it has rapidly grown into Americas favorite pastime.Through technological and technique advancements, rule alterations, and the commercialization of the game, baseball has changed greatly from the unorganized backyard game into Americas favorite pastime. I think Little League Baseball is wonderful. It keeps the kids out of the house. (Yogi Berra, 1954)